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Biology 108 > Theme 3 > Flashcards

Theme 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What adaptations enabled charophytes to colonize the land?

A
  1. Stomata and waxy cuticle
  2. Sporopollenin
  3. Lignified vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
  4. Specialization, ie roots and shoots
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2
Q

What traits are common in land plants?

A
  1. Alternation of generations (shared with brown algae)
  2. dependent embryos
  3. Walled spores (seeded plants do not have spores)
  4. multicellular gametangia (not angiosperms)
  5. apical meristems
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3
Q

What is another name for non-vascular plants?

A

Bryophytes, includes heptaphytes, bryophyta (mosses), and anthocerophyta

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4
Q

What is a common feature of Archaeplastida?

A

cellulose walls of red, green algae (similar to plants, technically not exactly the same) and plants

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5
Q

What traits are shared by plants and some protist?

A

1.Photoautotrophy
2.Alternation of generations (brown algae), arose independently
3.cellulose (red, green and brown algae, some dinoflagellates)
4.Chlorophyl a & b, in green algae, euglenids (is symplesiomorphic)
5.starch as a complex sugar

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6
Q

What are the 3 derived, shared traits of charophytes (fresh water green algae) and land plants? ie shared by their most recent common ancestory

A
  1. Cellulose making proteins
  2. homologous flagellated sperm (not in seeded plants), biflagellated in charophytes
  3. Phragmoplast (in cytokinesis)
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7
Q

What is mycorrihizae?

A

Symbiotic relationship between plants and fungi

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8
Q

What are lichens?

A

A symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of bryophytes (non-vascular plants)

A
  • lack true vascular tissue and lignin
  • sporophtes lack leaves and roots
  • mosses and hornworts have stomata, but not liverworts
  • gametophytes are larger and live longer than sporophytes
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10
Q

Which protist groups have chlorophyll a,b alongside plants?

A

Green algae, and euglenids, and red algae (masked by other pigments)

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11
Q

Alternation of generations is a trait shared by plants and which other groups?

A

Pretty much just land plants and brown algae

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12
Q

What defines the current “Plant Kingdom”?

A

Presence of dependent embryos, hence the name Embrophyta

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13
Q

What 3 traits do plants share with charophytes?

A
  1. Cellulose synthesizing proteins in plasma membrane
    2.Homologous sperm (in charophytes, are coiled and biflagellated), note in seed plants, sperm are not flagellated
    3.Phragmoplast formed
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14
Q

True or false:
Sporangia produce spores via mitosis

A

False
produced by meiosis, gametes produced by mitosis in gametophytes

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15
Q

What are the three clades of bryophytes?

A
  1. Liverworts/heptaphyta
  2. hornworts anthocerophyta
  3. mosses brophyta
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16
Q

What are the characterisitics of bryophytes?

A

Lack true vascular tissue
sporophytes lack roots and leaves
commonly found in damp environments (need water for fertilization)

17
Q

What are the characteristics of vascular plants?

A
  1. leaves (either monophylls or megaphylls)
  2. sporophylls (special spore making leaves)
    3 Sporophytes are dominant
18
Q

What is heterosporous v. homosporous

A

heterosporous means two types of spores (includes all seeded plants)
homosporous means one type of spore, producing an bisexual gametophyte

19
Q

Characteristics of seedless-vascular plants

A
  1. Flagellated sperm
  2. sporophyte is dominant cf. bryophytes
20
Q

What are the 2 main groups of seedless vascular plants?

A

1.Lycophyta (small, herbaceous with microphylls)
2.Monilophytes (includes ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns)

21
Q

How do gymnosperms disperse?

A

Via pollination

22
Q

What are the four phyla of gymnosperms representing a clade?

A

cycadophyta (large cones, sepparate male and female gametophytes)
ginkophyta (1 species, biolobed leaves)
coniferophyta
gnetophyta (morphologically diverse)

23
Q

What 3 things characterize the angiosperm life cycle?

A

Flowers
double fertilization
and fruits

24
Q

What are the four types of leaves on a flower?

A

Sepals and petals (sterile)
Stamen (male) and carpels (ie modified sporophylls)

25
Q

What is double fertilization?

A

1 sperm fertilizes egg, 1 forms endosperm (nutrition)

26
Q

Adapative advantages of angiosperm fertilization

A
  1. endosperm forms after fertilization
  2. fruit development triggered by fertilization
  3. small female gametophytes
  4. rapid growth of female gametophyte
27
Q

Characterize the fern’s (a seedless vascular plant) life cycle

A
  1. Typically homosporous
  2. Flagellated sperm require water
  3. Sporophyte is dominate form (common among non-bryophytes
  4. Spores are dispersed by air
28
Q

Characterize a typical moss life cycle
(seedless, non-vascular)

A
  1. Typically homosporous
  2. Spore develops into mature, dominant gametophyte (separate male and female plant)
  3. Sperm require water to swim to female archegonium
  4. Sporophyte develops from female archegonium
29
Q

Characterize a common gymnosperm life cycle
(e.g pine tree)

A
  1. Note: do not have ovary(only in angiosperm), POLLINATION TRIGGERS DEVELOPMENT OF MEGAPSPORE!!
  2. Male and female cones contain sporangia, form male and female spores
  3. Male gametophyte is carried in pollen, female is in cone, develops from spore
  4. Male gametophyte releases sperm into female archegonium
  5. seed develops (disperal by seed)
30
Q

What traits contributed to adaptive radiation of angiosperms?

A
  1. Modified Xylem
  2. high rates of speciation (co-evolution)
  3. quick reproduction (female gametophyte grows quickly)
31
Q

Do angiosperms have gametangia?

A

no, they instead have anthers (male, produces microspores in sprangia)
and carpels (produce megaspores in the megasporangium of each ovule, within the ovary, only 1/4 megaspores will survive, becoming a female gametophyte)

32
Q

The ovary is a part of which angiosperm generation?

A

The sporophyte, ovary later becomes the fruit, note (gymnosperms do not have ovaries)

33
Q

What are lichens?

A

Fungi that undergo symbiotic relationship with green algae and/or cyanobacteria

34
Q

Describe the fungal group dikarya

A

Form septate hyphae
two groups:
Ascomycetes and basidiomycetes

35
Q

Whats the difference between basidiomycetes and ascomycetes?

A

Basidiomycetes have longer dikaryote stages

36
Q

Describe fungal groups** chytrids**, zygomycetes, and glomeromycetes

A

chytrids: flagellated spores (aka zoospores, coenocytic body
zygomycetes: have zygosporangia: produces zygospores, no septa
glomeromycetes: arbuscular michorrizae (with vascular plant roots), NO SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Arbuscular meaning that hyphae penetrate cells

37
Q

What are the 3 shared, derived traits (synapomorphic) of fungi?

A
  1. Cell walls made of chitin
  2. absorptive nutrition
    3.hyphae/mycelia

Biology 108 (5 decks)

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