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Biology 108 > Theme 2 Origin of Life, Prokaryotes and Protists > Flashcards

Theme 2 Origin of Life, Prokaryotes and Protists Flashcards

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1
Q

How is the Geologic Record Divided?

A

Into the:
Archaean, Proterozoic and Phanerozoic Eons

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2
Q

What are the pros and cons of the Fossil Record?

A
  1. Biased and Incomplete
  2. Sedimentary Strata can be warped, or even flipped
  3. Very Few Organisms are fossilized
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3
Q

What are the types of fossils?

A

Cast
Replacement
Trace
Preserved

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4
Q

How does Plate Tectonics Theory Help understand history of Earth?

A

Fossil distributions

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5
Q

When did the first life emerge?

A

~ 3.9bya

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6
Q

Define the Permian Extinction

A

Occurred between Paleozoic and Mesozoic era
- worst mass extinction
-likely caused by volcanic activity

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7
Q

Define the Cretaceous Extinction

A

Between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic
-extinction of non avian dinosaurs
-likely caused by meteorite (Chicxulub)

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8
Q

What is a possible consequence of mass extinction?

A

Availability of new niches results in Adaptive Radiation

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9
Q

When may adaptive radiation occur?

A
  1. After mass extinction events
  2. After colonization of new region
  3. Evolution of novel characteristics (e.g powered flight enabled many new niches)
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10
Q

Describe how life began on Earth

A
  1. Through abiotic synthesis of organic molecules (likely near volcanoes, with strong chemical reduction conditions)
  2. Abiotic synthesis of organic polymers
  3. Formation of proto-cells (encapsulation of RNA, proteins, amino acids) by vesicles
  4. Evidence that RNA is self-replicating
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11
Q

What are the consequences of Continental Drift?

A
  1. Formation of Pangaea (reduced biodiversity)
  2. Strongly influenced biodiversity
  3. Distribution of fossils reflects movement of continents
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12
Q

When did the first prokaryotes emerge?

A

~ 3.5-3.7 bya

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13
Q

What were the consequences of the Oxygen Revolution

A

Extinction of obligate anaerobic prokaryotes

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14
Q

What were the first organisms on Earth?

A

Prokaryotes (don’t say proto cells)

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15
Q

What advantages contributed to prokaryote success?

A
  1. Simple DNA/structure
  2. Binary Fission
  3. Motility
  4. Endosporulation
  5. Cell-Surface Structures (ie polysacchride layers, cell walls
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16
Q

What are the 3 factors that contribute to prokaryote’s substantial diversity?

A
  • rapid reproduction
  • mutations
  • genetic recombination (horizontal gene transfer)
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17
Q

Define Genetic Recombination

A

Combining DNA from two sources
in Prokaryotes:
1. Transformation (uptake of foreign DNA, ie dead cells)
2. Transduction (transfer DNA through bacteriophages)
3. Conjugation

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18
Q

True or False:
Prokaryotes are metabolically diverse

A

True

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19
Q

List the 5 major groups of Bacteria

A
  1. Proteobacteria
  2. Spirochetes
  3. Chlamydias
  4. Cyanobacteria
  5. Gram Positive
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20
Q

Characterize Proteobacteria

A

alpha: often associated with Euk host
gamma and epsilon: includes pathogens, and also E. Coli

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21
Q

Characterize Chlamydias

A

a) parasites within animal cells
b) lack peptidoglycan (because they don’t need if in other cells)

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22
Q

Characterize Cyanobacteria

A

a) only prokaryotes that produce oxygen through photoautotrophy
b) likely ancestor of eukaryote chloroplast

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23
Q

Characterize Gram-Positive Bacteria

A

Only bacterial group that are gram positive, also include gram negative
a) includes many decomposers, also pathogens

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24
Q

What are the 3 main categories of Archaea?

A

Methanogens: (anoxic environments, produce methane, found in swamps, intestinal tracts)

Extreme halophiles

Thermophiles

25
Q

What caused the oxygen revolution?

A

Cyanobacteria

26
Q

What caused the oxygen revolution?

A

Cyanobacteria

27
Q

In what ways to Eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes?

A
  1. Usually larger
  2. Have membrane bound-organelles
  3. Linear chromosomes (prokaryotes have circular)
  4. Have dynamic membranes (e.g amoeba)
  5. Sexual Reproduction promotes genetic diversity
28
Q

Difference between primary and secondary endosymbiosis?

A

Primary: Uptake of prokaryote by prokaryote or eukaryote
Secondary: Uptake of Eukaryote by another eukaryote

29
Q

Give the approximate timeline of eukaryote characteristics

A
  1. Infoldings became internal (nucleus, etc)
  2. Endosymbiosis of alpha-proteobacteria forms mitochondria
  3. Uptake of cyanobacteria (chloroplasts
30
Q

What are the evolutionary advantages of Multicellularity?

A
  1. cell specialization
  2. increased organism size and complexiity
  3. longer life span
  4. avoid predation
    note: multicellularity evolved indepdently in several lineages
31
Q

Define Horizontal Gene Transfer

A

Movement of genes between genomes of different species

32
Q

True or False:
Protist is a monophyletic group (clade)?

A

False, its more of an umbrella term for any eukaryote besides animal, fungi or plants

33
Q

List all of the taxa within SAR Protists

A

1.Diatoms
2.Brown Algae
3.Oomcycetes
4.Dinoflagellates
5.Apicomplexans
6.Cilliates
7.Forams
8.Cercozoans
9.Radiolarians

Mnemonic: Do brown oranges disgust all Canadians for Canadians Rememember

34
Q

Characterize Protist Clade Excavata

A

-are unicellularly
- some share cytoskeleton morphology
- modified mitochondria and/or flagella

35
Q

List the three clades of Protist Clade Excavata

A
  1. Diplomonads and parabasalids:
    - unicellular, heterotrophic no plastids, most are anaerobes
  2. Euglenozoans:
    - a diverse clade
    - characterized by spiral/chrystalline rod in flagella
    - group consists of kinetoplastids (single mitochondria) and euglenids (ome or two flagella from end of cell)
    -
36
Q

Summarize the SAR Clade

Stramenophiles, alveolates and Rhizarians

A

-likely emerged by secondary endosymbiosis of red algae
- dominate eukaryote diversity in oceans
Made of:
1. Stramenophiles:
- strameophiles include diatoms (phytoplankton), brown algae (seaweeds, lifecycle involves alternation of generations) and oomycetes
- many are unicellular flagellates
2.Alveolates
- characterized by membrane bound sacs (alveoli)
- consists of dinoflagellates (diverse group, abundant marine and freshwater phytoplankton)
- apicomplexans are parasites of animals (spread as infection sporozites cells),
- alveolates are also made of cilliates (use cillia to move)
3. Rhizarians
- little to no morphological similarity, defined by DNA similiarity
- most rhizarians are amoebas

37
Q

Characterize Archaeplastida

A

Photosynthetic group consisting of red and green algae and land plants
- evolved when eukaryote acquired plastids from cyanobacteria
- archeaplastida have cell walls of cellulose

  1. Red Algae
    - reddish due to pigment, mostly seaweeds,
  2. Green algae
    -have chlorophyll, are a paraphyletic group
    - two groups of green algae include chlorophytes and charophytes (close ancestor of land plants)
    - most live in freshwater
38
Q

Summarize supergroup Unikonta

A

Heterotrophic protists closely related to fungi and animals
-most have a single flagella or are amoebas
1. Amoebozoans
-tube like pseuodpodia
- include slime moulds, etc

39
Q

What are Amoebozoans?

A
  1. Protist, belonging to supergroup Unikonta
  2. Have thread-like pseudopodia
40
Q

What are the 3 main types of Amoebozoans?

A
  1. Slime molds
  2. Tubulinids
    3.entamoebas
41
Q

What clade do Diatoms belong to?

A

SAR Clade, Stramenophiles

42
Q

What Clade do brown algae, red and green algae belong to?

A

Brown Algae: Stramenophiles SAR
Red and Green: Archaeplastidia

43
Q

True or False: Algae are monophyletic?

A

False
Algae refer to any photoautotrophs that are not members of Plantae Kingdom, are actually polyphyletic

44
Q

What is the defining feature of Archaeplastidia?

A

Cell walls made from cellulose

45
Q

Oomycetes belong to what clade?

A

Stramenophiles, SAR

46
Q

Euglenozoans belong to which clade?

A

Clade Excavata

47
Q

Characterize Euglenozoans

A

1.Kinetoplastids (single large mitochondria with a mass of DNA called kinetoplast)
2.Euglenids
- spiral structure of unknown function in flagella

48
Q

True or False: Excavata are unicellular

A

True

49
Q

Diplomonads and Parabasalids belong to which protist clade?

A

Excavata

50
Q

What group are land plants in?

A

Archaeplastidia

51
Q

What are the closest ancestors to land plants?

A

In supergroup Archeaplastidia, charophytes, a type of green algae

52
Q

Which Supergroup is shared by fungi, animals, and Amoebozoans?

A

Unikonta

53
Q

What is responsible for the diversity of protists?

A

Endosymbiosis

54
Q

What are mixotrophs?

A

Gain energy and carbon from different sources
ie at time chemotrophic and sometimes phototrophic

55
Q

True or false:
Diatoms are photosynthetic

A

True

56
Q

True or False:
Brown Algae undergo alternation of generations

A

True

57
Q

What do apicomplexans require to reproduce?

A

At least two host species to complete life cycle

58
Q

True or False
Rhizarians are characterized by morphological similarity

A

False
mostly defined by DNA similiarities
and are heretrophic, use pseudopodia

59
Q

How were achaeplastida formed?

A

Primary endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria
(includes red and green algae and plants)

Biology 108 (5 decks)

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