Theme 4 Flashcards
(27 cards)
Women- Lenin
Divorce reform- post card divorce- legal and easy
Alexandra kollontai- marriage suppresses female sexuality
Belief that gender oppression came from class oppression
5% of party congress- female party members work in stereotypical roles
Civil war- women fill jobs as nurses
Female prostitution legal and widespread
High proportion in agriculture
Women tractor drivers- high wage only 8
Women supporting role
Women- Stalin
2/3 pay for same work
Contraception- 1FYP no provision 1936 banned
Wanted women to have more babies
Paid women for babies
Abortion banned
Made divorce hard
Women on collective farms gained social status
13 million women in industry
WW2- women portrayed as needing protection
Made up 75% of workforce in war
Post war shown as heroic
Women- Khrushchev
Virgin lands campaign- recruited women as milkmaids, gardeners and mothers
Accepted women played domestic role
Young women expected to dress modestly
1963- Valentina Tereshkova first woman in space
Women employed in light industry
Over represented in farming
Women- Brezhnev
Saw women as reason for economic problems
Less rational with economic decisions
Women pamper children and make them lazy
New incentives to encourage birth
70% doctors were women
Social security- Lenin pre 1921
Declaration of the rights of toiling and exploiting people- abolished private land ownership introduced universal labour duty
Revolution- economic chaos early economic plans failed to help
Oct 18- 100,000 people unemployed
War communism- no unemployment- work card=rations according to occupation workers for most
Social security- NEP
Back to unemployment, less workers= less cost
Former Red Army= priority
Benefits- public transport, communal dining halls (factories) communal facilities
1922- labour law- allowed trade unions And social insurance for workers- paid benefits covering 9 million workers
Never provided more than 50% of what people needed to live on
62.2% unemployed= women
Social security- pre war Stalin
Full employment- rapid industrialisation Conditions worsened- one day off Harsh labour discipline: >late=crimes >unions- no negotiation >damage=crime >strikes=banned 1940- internal passports introduced- no moving between jobs FYP=rations 1933- electricity More transport- train Better healthcare and canteens
Social security- post war Stalin
Full employment continued Less communal eating Improved conditions Doctors increased + vaccines- malaria, typhus Infant mortality down 50% Poor hygiene Food shortage- rotten food used Economy struggled- soap, warm clothes, shoes- bad for health
Social security- Khrushchev
Full employment Focus on improving standard of living Doubled healthcare budget Free lunch in schools, offices and factories Free transport Pensions and healthcare for farmers Pension budget x4
Social security- Brezhnev
Stable society- social contract: Job security- full employment Low prices on essentials Second economy Social benefits Social mobility In return for obedience and conformity Better standard of living Benefits- subsidised rent, utilities, healthcare, pensions Full employment- economic inefficiencies Labour shortages Increased female unemployment Decreased health and life expectancy Increased alcoholism
Housing- Lenin
Aug 1918- decree controlling house redistribution
1920- housing redistributed- families lived in rooms
Former owners killed
NEP houses built by private companies (89%)
1921- rent reintroduced and house building starts
End of civil war- workers flee to country for food
Housing- Stalin
Demand increased- budget low
Kommunalka- buildings divided, small communal apartments
Family- small single room communal kitchen
Modernisation not a priority
Failure to invest in sewage or communal facilities
5.5m^2 in 1930
4m^2 in 1940 - redivided many times
People lived in sheds, under stairs, corridors, communal kitchens
Factory building was priority- accommodation- barrack style dorms- Magnitogorsk- no water or lights- 20% mud huts
High levels of disease
1/3 of housing destroyed in war- industrial building priority
4FYP- budget small
Housing- Khrushchev
Urban housing more than doubled
Stopped building govt buildings and focused on housing
Cheap mass temporary housing built- khrushchyovka- families had apartment with bathroom kitchen and 2 bedrooms
Created privacy
Education- Lenin
Unified labour schools-
Free polytechnic education to 8-17
Education made compulsory
Banned religion, punishment, homework and exams
Promised free breakfast and medical exams
NEP-
1921- some schools closed to save money
Fees introduced for primary and secondary except poorest children
In first 18 months children in school halved
Mid 20s expansion:
Economy stabilised- education grew
1927- primary fees abolished
1928- 60% primary age children in school
90% middle class attended secondary- 25% completed it
40% working class attended 3% completed
Education- Stalin initial reforms
1931- curriculum reform- abolished polytechnic
Core subjects( reading, writing, maths and science) most important
1932- new discipline
1933- new textbooks
1934- decree on the teaching of civic history- soviet history lessons focused on heroic men
1935- national exams
Education- Stalin primary
Target of 100% of 8-12 enrolled by 1932
95% by then increase from 60% in 1928
Post war almost 100% in primary education
Education- Stalin secondary
Fees maintained- limited access
Scholarships offered by trace unions and party
Grew significantly
Post war 65% got some secondary 12-17
By 1939 1.5 million completed secondary only 7% of child population compared to 216,000 in last years of NEP
Education- Stalin university
Number increased 105(1914)-817(1939) 800%
Students increased 1914 (127,000) to 1939 (811,000)
Exams and discipline in place
University courses reflected needs of the economy significant expansion of courses in construction, transport and factory production
WW2 has an impact 1944 only 227000 students remained
By 1953- reconstructed around 1.5 million students
Education- Stalin Labour reserve schools
Established by Ministry of Labour 1940 to train young men 14-17
Recruits enrolled in course got accommodation and food but no pay
Harsh conditions
Provided skilled labour for 4 and 5 FYP
WW2 important part of soviet industry
1946-1952 4.2 million young people trained in metallurgy, electricity production, industrial and military construction and railway workers
Education- Khrushchev reorganisation
Teachers reluctant to move to country
Small country schools merged- new schools offered 10 years education
Schools in towns and cities doubled
Investment in teacher training- teachers improved
Increased number from 1.5 mil teachers in 1953 to 2.2 mil in 1964
Abolished secondary and uni fees
Special funds for poor children (1959)
Education- Khrushchev reforms
1956 Reintroduced polytechnic education Needed skilled workers More practical 1959 education law Compulsory for 7-15 Academically gifted went to special schools 1960- Stalinist discipline relaxed 1961- emphasis on learning languages
Education- Brezhnev repealing reforms
More academic curriculum
Ended vocational training
Abandoned compulsory secondary education target 100%
By 76 only 60% finished
By 78 almost 70% teachers had uni education
Education- Brezhnev small scale reform
Sept 1970- textbooks updated to reflect scientific knowledge
Homework reintroduced
70s- increased attempt to get peasants in school offering hot meals
Education- Brezhnev uni
1953-1980 1.5 mil to 5 mil
Curriculum expanded
New unis for non Russian students
