Theme 3 Flashcards
(18 cards)
Media- Lenin
Decree on Press Nov 1917- govt get emergency powers to close counter revolutionary newspaper
State monopoly of advertising Nov 1917- only govt can publish ads
Establish All Russian Telegraph Agency and Revolutionary Tribunal of the Press Jan 18- power to censor press
Nationalised Petrograd Telegraph Agency Nov 1917- govt control of electronic communications
By 1921 communists closed 2000 newspapers and 575 printing presses
Media- NEP
1922- Glavlit introduced to oversee censorship
Some books banned
Libraries purged of banned books
Professional censors employed
Books investigated for anti communist bias
GPU in charge of policing publication
Media- Stalin
Soviet history rewritten
Censorship tightened- media only broadcast positives
Stalin focus of propaganda
Media- K and B
Western magazines more available
Popular magazines encouraged public letters
Readers could complain
Cinema and tv more popular and accessible
Personality cult- Stalin
Emphasised right to be leader Myth of two leaders- october revolution was work of both Stalin and Lenin Turned Stalin into celebrated figure Painters showed Stalin as Lenin’s heir Post war portrayed as generalissimo
Personality cult- Khrushchev
Criticised Stalin’s cult but made his own
Cult of Lenin- shows Lenin as human- slogan ‘Lenin’s lives’
Cult of Khrushchev- great reformer,respected statesman, responsible for success
Associated himself with virgin lands
Personality cult- Brezhnev
Shadow of Stalin Used to consolidate position He was mocked Showed him as Leninist- military hero Was a joke Seem through by young people
Secret police- Lenin
Cheka 1917- protect communist rule Leader= Dzerzhinsky Not bound by law Violence against opposition Ran labour camps Post civil war- became GPU 1922- agency set up to monitor press and set up political trials Surveillance reports sent to central committee Helped red army with grain requisitions
Secret police- Stalin
GPU become NKVD
Yagoda- leader in 1934 after Kirov’s death
Organised arrest, interrogation and trial of Z & K
Yezhov took over from Yagoda 1936 (not eager enough)
Terror more widespread
Accelerated through arrest targets and executions
1937- NKVD purged- new agents recruited
Great Terror- Yezhovschina- 1.5 million arrested 635,000 deported 680,000 executed
Stalin emerged strong
War- policed ethnic minorities
End of great terror- yezhov resigned
Beria takes over 1938
Leningrad affair 1949- purge on Leningrad party
Doctors plot- 52-53 stalins staff arrested for poisoning him
Secret police- K&B
NKVD becomes KGB Andropov becomes head 1967 No more terror Suppress dissidents Initial strategies caused foreign outcry Psychiatric treatment mainly used 1972- KGB offered warnings 1979- Andropov attacked anti social behaviour Psychiatric treatment could last longer
Secret police- Stalin deportations
1942- Beria deports Kalmyks
1944- deportation of Chechens to Siberia
Religion- Lenin
Decree on separation 1918- separated Orthodox Church from state and took away property rights
Priests and believers killed
Living church established- challenge to Orthodox Church
September 1920- congress of toiling people of the east- endorsed going against European colonialist
Lenin blames famine on church 1921-22
Religion- Stalin
1931- condemned anti Semitism
1928- birobidzhan- Jewish religion established
Collectivisation- anti religious campaign- Orthodox Church blames
Accommodation with Orthodox Church made for war- allowed to choose new patriarch and reopen some churches
End to living church
Ethnic minorities deported mainly Muslims (Chechens and Crimean Tartares)
1927- Hujum- public unveiling of Muslim women in Central Asia
1948- Israel established Jews seen as enemies of state
Religion- K&B
Khrushchev attacked Stalin’s tolerance
1957- anti religious campaign- around 10,000 churches closed
Journal- Science and Religion 1959
Brezhnev more moderate
Govt supports anti American Islamic groups
Anti Semitism increased after six day war 1967
1981- Brezhnev denounces antisemitism
Art and culture- Lenin
Proletkult- supported by Anatoly lunacharsky
1929- 84,000 members
Lenin argues culture should be universal
Proletkult merges with commissarist of education
Agitprop- inspired people to support govt
1920- department of agitation propaganda established
By end of ‘20s govt controls art
Art and culture- Stalin
Significant shift in art
Socialist realism
1930- Stalin wrote the Bolshevik arguing art should reflect govt priorities
1932- union of soviet writers established
Artists set targets for paintings
Paintings celebrated FYPs and Collectivisation
Art and culture- krushchev
Wanted socialism to liberate artists
Books criticising Stalin authorised
Policies moved between increasing freedom and controlling it
Thaws in censorship
More books authorised over time ‘one day in the life of Ivan Denisovich’
Samizdat- self published books and magazines
Propaganda made fun of soviet people
Campaign against women adopting western fashion ‘stilyaga’
Policies jumped between desire for more freedom and not too much freedom
Art and culture- B & A
Soviet magazines continue to ridicule western style
Art became nostalgic
Brezhnev- less willing to criticise Stalin
Sinyavsky and Daniel trial- arrested for ‘anti soviet propaganda’
Dissident artists major part
Some artists forcibly medicated
Ballet in high demand
