THEME 3 - society in transition Flashcards by Henry Witham-Finch

what is deference

polite + accepting

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class, social change and the impact of wars 1918-51
Impact of WW1 - why was there a decline in deference

High death toll shook confidence of working class people in the upper class GENERALS who led them - 700,000 killed
Mixing of class - sharing little comforts present during WW1

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what is the aristocracy

highest class in soceities

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class, social change and the impact of wars 1918-51
why was there a decline in upper classes?

-upper class people asigned to officer rank or above - high death toll as leaders targeted
- upper class families had to pay death duty - ‘death duties called the decline of the aristocracy’ - David Cannadine
-Many aristocrates unable to maintain grand homes

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class, social change and the impact of wars 1918-51
why was there greater eqaulity

1918 representation of the people act - widended voting - more democratic - surplus income as prices fell fasyer than wages

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the emergence of the ‘liberal society’ and its opponents 1951-79
desribe lady chatterleys lover

class challenges - lady chatterley sex with gate keeper
-affair
-sex
-published 1960

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the emergence of the ‘liberal society’ and its opponents 1951-79
why was there a decline in deference?

growth of TV + cinema exposed audiences to satirical entertainment which ridiculed ideas about social class
-filmakers + writers questioned class systems - newspapers exposed scandals involving ruling classes
-social mobility challenged from place of prosperity afforded by consumer capitlaism and its resultant comforts

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the emergence of the ‘liberal society’ and its opponents 1951-79
what was British New wave + describe saturday night sunday

Early 1960’s sawe novels about working class people coming to terms with the birth of new prosperity - ‘saturday night sunday morning’

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the emergence of the ‘liberal society’ and its opponents 1951-79
desribe the satire ‘boom’

-Elite political figures questioned in ‘That was the week that was’ - represented clear change in public attitudes

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the emergence of the ‘liberal society’ and its opponents 1951-79
Sex scandal - John profumo - describe it

1963 - romours of sex parties at stately home - Minister of war John Profumo shared sex partner with soviet spy - some believe the scandal to be the reason for 1964 election loss by only 4 seats
- marked moment PUBLIC REALISED LEADERS ARE NOT ALL PARAGONS OF VIRTUE

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A permissive society?
how had attitudes to sex shifted over the course of the 20th century?

-women who had affairs during wars happy to go back to stable relationships after
-DR alex comforts book 1972 book joy of sex best seller - sex believed ot be seperate to family life

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a permissive society?
how far did the government legislation change society during the 1964-70 labour government ? what was the impact?

law reform wanted around homosexuality wanted from 1890’s, for divorce laws 1910’s and abortion 1930’s
Christie Davies - states MP’s thought that soceities moral rules would be unaffected by change in law
VS
Brian Harrison argues - argues law change was simply catching up with social change

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a permissive society?
what was the actual impact of the permissive society?

Schofield (1965) - found 18% of girls + 10% of boys had sex with more than three people
-Gorers (1971) - 96% of men+ women married by age 45
-Rise in divorce + single parent families form 1960’s onwards

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the new moralism:
what were Margaret Thatcher views on the permissive soceity?

-fears for public standard of decency being lost as a result
-As a result basic christian values are beginning to be lost

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the new moralism:
Mary Whitehouse and what was the NVALA

Mary focus on damage done to British morals by mass media - blamed director general BBC - secured 1/2 million signatures for CLEAN UP TV petition (1964)
She formed National Viewers + listeners ascociation (NVALA)

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the new moralism
The festival of light 1971
who formed it
what was its aims
what happened at the festival of light
what was its impact
why was it ineffective

-Moral conservatism
-Formed by MALCOM MUDDERIDGE alongside Whitehouse
- the aims: prevent sexualisation of TV
promote christian teachings
Events organised:
- lighting beacons - attracted 100,000 people
VERY LITTLE IMPACT ON TV
overtly evangelical tone approach to festival alienated those who shared concerns who were not christian

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changing attitudes towards homosexuality
what % of people viewed homosexuality to be an illness in 1963

93%

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changing attitudes towards homosexuality
why was the wolfenden comitte created and when was it created

created in 1957 following high profile case of journalist Peter Wildeblood in 1954 after he was sentenced to 18months in prison (considered harsh by even conservative newspapers)

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changing attitudes towards homosexuality
desribe the wolfenden report in 1957

homosexual acts for those aged 21 and above + in private should be decriminalised

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changing attitudes towards homosexuality
why did it take so long for homosexual acts in private for conseting adults aged 21+ to be decrimianlised

parliamental resistance

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changing attitudes towards homosexuality
1967 sexual offences act how was it clearly limited ???

BETWEEN 1967-72 MEN ARRESTED FOR so called ‘public indecency’ trebled

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the changing role + status of women 1918-97
changes to the franchise 1918 + 1928
what was the 1918 representation of the people act

WIDENED SUFFFRAGE
- all men over 21 able to vote
- only educated + enfranchised women able to vote:
- over 30
- property owner

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the changing role + status of women 1918-97
when were women enfranchised on the same terms as men ?

1928

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the changing role + status of women 1918-97
work - the impact of WW1 and the consequences of this
how many women were employed in 1914 in metal + chemical industry compared with 1918

1914 - 200,000
1918 - 1 million
WOMEN TOOK ROLES THAT WERE PREVIOUSLY PRESERVED FOR MEN

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the changing role + status of women 1918-97
work - the impact of WW1 and the consequences of this
what did the gov introduced in agreement wiith trade unions in 1914 and what did it do?

DILUTION
women could be employed but only until war ended

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the changing role + status of women 1918-97
work - the impact of WW1 and the consequences of this
What happened at the end of WW1 to womens roles in the workplace ?

returned to pre war levels immediately

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the changing role + status of women 1918-97
work - the impact of WW1 and the consequences of this
WORKING CLASS WOMEN
where were they employed ?

massive growth in clerical work for women
-2/3 all work done by women was at home

the changing role + status of women 1918-97
work - the impact of WW1 and the consequences of this
MIDDLE CLASS WOMEN - job opportunities

Unis accept women + more opportunities in civil service

the changing role + status of women 1918-97
work - the impact of WW1 and the consequences of this
WOMEN IN POLITICS description

Petty restrictions
-Women not encouraged to become MP’s but LABOUR 9 MP’s interwar
-Labour attracted more women than other parties
Women biggr impact on a local level as they focused on education + welfare

the changing role + status of women 1918-97
work - the impact of WW1 and the consequences of this
WOMEN + WW2
what roles were they given
what were the practical benefits during the interwar years:

Demands of total war - this increased oportunity for women - they were assinged to military + civilian

NON COMBAT ROLES

Practical benefits during interwar years:
- paid better as result of employment
-new skills + confidence in abilities
- opportunity to work alongside men - sense of contribution

the changing role + status of women 1918-97
Economic advancement 1945-79
45-51
what areas were the marriage bar removed in 1944 onwards

teaching profession
civil service
bank of england

the changing role + status of women 1918-97
Economic advancement 1945-79
51-79
what did the civil service introduce in 1958?

equal pay for all employees

the changing role + status of women 1918-97
Economic advancement 1945-79
51-79
what was the equal pay act (1970) a result of and who supported it

Result of 1968 ford strike
supported by TUC + labour party

descrive the 1968 dagenham ford strike

trigger cause in 1970 equal pay act
-seat sowers strike as payed less than men for equally skilled work

the changing role + status of women 1918-97
Economic advancement 1945-79
51-79
what did the sex discrimination act (1975) recognise and what comission was established as a reuslt
who passed it

Recognised sexual harassmen+daily struglles of women
Established Equal Opportunities comission
passed by labour

the changing role + status of women 1918-97
Political advancement 1945-79
why were there little women MP’s (between 20 - 30 mp’s)?
breifly descirbe margeret thatcher ?
did the war have any effect on women in local constituencies ?

Prejudice that women are too busy with domesrtic life to fulfill the roles
Women, high profile, victim of prejudice
NO

the changing role + status of women 1918-97
FAMILY LIFE
1918-39
What was the situation regarding divorce legisllation?
what were the absurdities in the divorce law and what demonstrated them

Absurdities in divorce law
- unhappily married couple could notdivorce had to be adultery/violence
-if both spouses unfaithful could be refused a divorce
Book by Lawyer Herbert called ‘deadlock’

the changing role + status of women 1918-97
FAMILY LIFE
1918-39
what was the result of the Herbert campaign

1937 matrimonial causes act passed which expanded grounds for divorce

the changing role + status of women 1918-97
FAMILY LIFE
1918-39
BIRTH control
when was the first clinic founded and by who

1921 by marie stopes in london

the changing role + status of women 1918-97
FAMILY LIFE
1918-39
BIRTH control
when did advice for women begin to be handed out and by who

1930 - married women only

the changing role + status of women 1918-97
FAMILY LIFE
1918-39
Self expression of women
how was the ‘flapper’ look created ?

firstly many men killed WW1 = single women finding freedom , the growht of clerical jobs allowed for women to ENJOY CONSUMERISM DURING INTERWARYEARS and as a result the flapper look was created

the changing role + status of women 1918-97
FAMILY LIFE
1918-39
what was the impact of the great depression on family life?

malnourished women ! as they put themselves last as gender divide
large families in poor areas lived below poverty line

the changing role + status of women 1918-97
family life + personal freedoms 1939-68
what did wartime fragmentation (rationing, evacuation) result in for women?

many women were happy to return to pre-war roles in family

the changing role + status of women 1918-97
family life + personal freedoms 1939-68
what was the impact of consumerism on the role of the housewife?
1. what did a 1950’s survey on women show?
2. what did labour saving devices reinforce for women?

40% content with family life but 60% bored + fraustrated
role as a housewife - advertised to women

the changing role + status of women 1918-97
family life + personal freedoms 1939-68
what was the impact of consumerism on the role of the housewife?
what did consumrism increase and what was the impact of this for women? positives + negatives

increased access to education + high educaton eoncouraged women to devlop higher expectations BUT this also made any slow + difficult progress along career paths all the more fraustrating
increased avaliabilty of jobs which gave women greater independence BUT also added sense of guilt for leaving their homes, husbands + children in order to work

the changing role + status of women 1918-97
1968-79 - the struggle for new freedoms
describe first wave feminism

suffrage movement + political equality

the changing Role + status of women 1918-97
1968-79 - the struggle for new freedoms
describe second wave feminism - what was it focused on
what was it concerned with

mid 1960’s onwards - focused on ‘womans liberation’
Concerned with:
- reproductive rights + birth control
- domestic violence
- sexism in the work place
- pornography + objectification of women
- the effects of a patriachal society on womens confidence + mental health

the changing Role + status of women 1918-97
1968-79 - the struggle for new freedoms
describe the wider availability of birth control
when was the pill introduced and why was it for married women only
what did the pill allow

1961 - married women only as WORRY it may encourage promiscuity among umarried women

the pill allowed for:
- women able to enjoy sex
- previously men in charge of contraception but now women have control over own fertility
- more skilled women able to enter workplace without burden of children

the changing Role + status of women 1918-97
1968-79 - the struggle for new freedoms
desribe the legalisation of abortion in 1967
what led to it
what is the downside to greater control of family planning for women

widespread public support + concerns for health
women liberated froom preganancy BUT greater control over family planning reinforced role of women as sex objects

the changing Role + status of women 1918-97
1968-79 - the struggle for new freedoms
what was marraige like in this period

more of a partnership
easier divorce BUT now a greater sense of insecurity

the changing Role + status of women 1918-97
Impact of womens liberation movement
how and when was the movement started

1969 onwards - kickstarted by ford strike

the changing Role + status of women 1918-97
Impact of womens liberation movement
Growing activism
what happened at miss world beauty contest 1970
describe ‘the female eunuch’ book

1970 protest at Miss World beauty contest threw flower bombs at judges

the female eunuch - it argued men had control of women and foced them to compete with other women and trapped themsleves in SUFFOCATING GENDER ROLES

the changing Role + status of women 1918-97
Impact of women’s liberation movement
refuges for victims of domestic violence support increase
what years saw first centres set up and what was it called (the first place)

1970’s - Chiswick womens aid

the changing Role + status of women 1918-97
Impact of women’s liberation movement
refuges for victims of domestic violence support increase
describe the National womens aid federation
1. when was it established
2. what did they campaign for and what was the outcome of their campaign
3. what did the 1976 matrimonial causes act mean

1974
LEGLISLATION AGAINST DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, their camapign led to the passing of the 1976 matrimonial proceedings act,
courts could provide rules for those who assulst spouses get prison time

the changing Role + status of women 1918-97
Impact of women’s liberation movement
refuges for victims of domestic violence support increase
rape crisis centres
1.when did they first open and what were they the result of
2. what did they show
3. how many rape crisis centres across UK by 1983

1.1973 first opened, result of consciousness raising workshops popular during height of womens liberation movement
2. they showed the failure of the legal system - WOMEN (victims) CROSS EXAMINED which essentially put themselves on trial
3. 60 across UK

the changing Role + status of women 1918-97
Impact of women’s liberation movement
refuges for victims of domestic violence support increase
Abortion
1. What was established in 1975
2. what did the tabloid press claim?
3. how many abortions took place for contraception according to the tabloid press
4. how many abortions took place for actual medical purposes
5. describe the corrie bill and its outcome

The National Abortion Campaign (NAC) was established to protect the 1967 Act and campaign for its improvement.
abortion exploited
112,055
95,688
proposed 1979 - LIMITATION on grounds that women could have an abortion - 80,000 marched in protest

the changing Role + status of women 1918-97
CONCLUSION

-women gaining more control over birth control + abortion
-second wave feminism -work of Germaine Geer (in the female Eunuch) led to women becoming more assertive and demanding more respect
- work + influence of Erin Pizzey led to more women demanding control over issues of domestic violence + rape
- Chiswick womens aid developed by Erin Pizzey (1970’s) - 1973 rape crisis centres

Race and immigration
How far did relations between Britons & immigrants change 1918-79?
1. when/what was the first immigration act and who for
2. when + why were passports introduced
3. how many black + asian people + where ?
4. what % of army in WW1 of minority ethnic groups ?

Alien act 1905 - threat of Jewish migrants from Eastern Europe - introduced first border force
1914 - stop spys in WW1
74,000 mainly around ports
1/3

Race and immigration
How far did relations between Britons & immigrants change 1918-79?
Between the wars 1918-39
1919 demobilisation + riots
1. what was the impact of the demobilisation of much of the british army
2. what was the national Union of Seamen and what did they campaign for and what was the impact of their campaign

racist + violent attacks from unemployed white people
believed jobs of non white sailors should be taken by white people - NUS campaigns led to two laws against Black + Asian people and placed them under threat of deportation

Race and immigration
How far did relations between Britons & immigrants change 1918-79?
Between the wars 1918-39
Coloured seamen act 1925
1. what did the act do
2. what did the act assume ?

forced ‘coloured’ seamen to prove their British citizenship to immigration authorities of face deportation
Act assumed ALL coloured seamen were non British

Race and immigration
How far did relations between Britons & immigrants change 1918-79?
Between the wars 1918-39
Alien orders act 1920
1. what did it do
2. what was the impact

Asked migrant workers to register with police before seeking work (only targeted non white migrants however)
Placed all Black + Asian people under threat of deportation and under suspicion

Race and immigration
How far did relations between Britons & immigrants change 1918-79?
Between the wars 1918-39
Discrimination
1. what did a report in 1919 show in relation to wage rates
2. Unemployment in 1934 - what % of white/black men unemployed
3. was there a lack of police effort ?

Asian chef’s £5 a month VS White chefs £20 a months
80% black men VS 30% white men
yes - they supported white workers in removing black people who work on ships

Race and immigration
How far did relations between Britons & immigrants change 1918-79?
Between the wars 1918-39
Jewish migration between the wars
1. what was kindertransport

unnacompanied minors under 17 brought to britain

Race and immigration
How far did relations between Britons & immigrants change 1918-79?
Between the wars 1918-39
The communist party of GB
1. who were their supporters
2. describe one of their campaigns - arab seamen
3. descibe another of their campaigns - Against British Union of Fascists + who won battle of cabel street

minority ethnic groups
Defend rights of arab seamen - supported by white workers in coastal cities _ demonstrated extent immigrants willing to go
Led to fight - BATTLE OF CABLE STREET ( CPGB won)

Race and immigration
How far did relations between Britons & immigrants change 1918-79?
Between the wars 1918-39
International African service Bureau
1. how did it help progress black rights

estabished newspaper International African Opinion which encouraged readers to Lobby Mp’s for black rights

Race and immigration
How far did relations between Britons & immigrants change 1918-79?
Between the wars 1918-39
Education + Health examples
1. how did education in Britain help the empire

People from british colonies -> England - either got good education and went back to colonies to save empire OR got a good education and worked in Britain to save British empire

Race and immigration
How far did relations between Britons & immigrants change 1918-79?
Between the wars 1918-39
Education + Health examples
1. describe the LCP ( league of coloured people)

fought to show discrimination faced by immigrant students
- wanted equal access to healthcare

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THEME 3 - society in transition Flashcards

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