Theme 3: society and the challenge of criminality

Question 1

discuss social contact theories

Answer 1

Social contract theories have as point of departure the idea that humans cannot realise
their potential within a society that is not politically organised, because without political
organisation there is no authority able to make and enforce rules that would determine
the appropriate conduct and behaviour of members of that society. Thus, life in such a
pre-political society, which is usually referred to as a state of nature, is characterised
by lawlessness, violence, constant strife and lack of cooperation

Question 2

discuss psychological theory for human motivation according to maslow

Answer 2

The fundamental needs identified usually include:
physiological needs to sustain life (eg food, water and air); safety needs to protect
life (eg physical and psychological security, as well as security of property, health
and livelihood); love and belonging to nurture life (eg friendship and family); esteem
to confirm the worthiness of life (eg confidence, achievement and respect); and selfactualisation
for the realisation of a person’s full potential

Question 3

discuss the economic theories for human development

Answer 3

Protection (safety) is one of nine such fundamental human needs that he identifies and
which we try to satisfy through particular “satisfiers

subsistence (maintaining life), of which food, shelter and work are the satisfier
protection (safety), of which the satisfiers are: taking care, cooperating with others,
making and adjudicating rules, policing, hiring security and taking out insurance
affection, which we try to satisfy through respect, generosity and sensuality
understanding, which we try to satisfy through intuition, curiosity and study
participation, of which the satisfiers are dedication, association and cooperation
leisure, which we try to satisfy through relaxation and having fun
creation, which we try to satisfy through imagination, design and opportunities for
expression
• identity, of which the satisfiers could be a sense of belonging, values, norms and
religion
• freedom, of which the satisfiers are autonomy, open-mindedness and rights