Theme 3: Responding to Symptoms

Question 1

what is involved in this theme

Answer 1

pain gate
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
social learning theory

Question 2

what is the pain gate

Answer 2

mechanism in the spinal cord in which pain signals can be sent up to the brain to be processed to accentuate the possible perceived pain or attenuate it at the spinal cord

Question 3

pain definition

Answer 3

unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage, refers to a perception which is a subjective response to a noxious stimulus

Question 4

what is the point of pain

Answer 4

acts to warn against possible threats to organisms well-being, initial pain experience provokes avoidance, removing source of potential further damage, limits activity to force the animal to rest and help healing to modify behaviour

Question 5

what is pain affected by

Answer 5

Context, mood, cognitive set, chemical/structural state, injury

Question 6

what is the intensity theory

Answer 6

direct connection from location in body to pain centre in the brain, body separate from the mind so couldn’t account for presence of pain in absence of damage, phantom limb, placebo effect, forms of persistent pain, couldn’t account for role of psychological factors

Question 7

gate open

Answer 7

signals can pass through and will be sent to brain to perceive the pain

Question 8

gate closed

Answer 8

pain signals restricted form travelling up to the brain, sensation of pain won’t be received

Question 9

location of the pain gate

Answer 9

dorsal horn of the spinal cord in the substantia gelatinosa, interneurons here synapse to the primary afferent where the mechanism occurs, substantia gelatinosa modulates sensory information coming in from primary afferent neurons

Question 10

what are the 3 types of primary afferent in the pain gate theory

Answer 10

A beta
A delta
C fibres

Question 11

A beta

Answer 11

large diameter, fast transmission due to myelination, activated by non-noxious stimulus such as light, touch, pressure and hair movement

Question 12

a delta

Answer 12

smaller diameter, thin myelination, stimulated by noxious stimuli such as pain and temperature, sharp intense tingling sensations

Question 13

c fibres

Answer 13

slowest transmission as are unmyelinated, activated by pain and temperature for prolonged burning sensations

Question 14

what happens if neurons are stimulated by a beta fibers

Answer 14

inhibitory response= no pain signals= pain gate closed

Question 15

what happens if neurons are stimulated by A delta or C

Answer 15

• If interneurons are stimulated by A-delta or C fibers= excitatory response= pain signal sent to brain= modulation= descending modulation and perceived as varying amounts of pain

Question 16

excitatory neurotransmitters in pain gate

Answer 16

: glutamate (activates NMDA) and substance P (cause vasodilation, inflammation and pain)

Question 17

inhibitory neurotransmitters in the pain gate

Answer 17

GABA

Question 18

what is classical conditioning

Answer 18

form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being associated with a stimulus that already elicits that response

Question 19

learning definition

Answer 19

: relatively permanent change in knowledge or behaviour resulting from experience

Question 20

unconditioned stimulus UCS

Answer 20

stimulus tat automatically elicits a particular unconditioned response

Question 21

unconditioned response UCR

Answer 21

unlearned, automatic response to particular unconditioned stimulus

Question 22

conditioned stimulus CS

Answer 22

neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a particular conditioned response after being paired with a particular unconditioned stimulus that already elcists a response

Question 23

conditioned response CR

Answer 23

learned response given to a particular conditioned stimulus

Question 24

high order conditioning

Answer 24

establishment of a conditioned response to a neutral stimulus that has been paired with an existing conditioned stimulus

Question 25

stimulus generalisation

Answer 25

giving conditioned response to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus

Question 26

stimulus discrimination

Answer 26

giving conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus but not to stimuli similar to it

Question 27

extinction

Answer 27

gradual disappearance of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without being paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Question 28

spontaneous recovery

Answer 28

reappearance after a period of time of a conditioned response that has been subjected to extinction

Question 29

conditioned taste aversion

Answer 29

taste inversion induced by pairing taste with gastrointestinal distress

Question 30

operant conditioning

Answer 30

type of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behaviour

Question 31

reinforcement

Answer 31

event that increases likelihood of a behaviour repeating

Question 32

punishment

Answer 32

event that decreases likelihood of a behaviour repeating

Question 33

positive

Answer 33

adding stimulus

Question 34

negative

Answer 34

removing stimulus

Question 35

positive reinforcement

Answer 35

adding pleasant stimulus to increase likelihood of behaviour repeating

Question 36

negative reinforcement

Answer 36

removing unpleasant stimulus to increase likelihood of behaviour repeating

Question 37

positive punishment

Answer 37

adding unpleasant stimulus to decrease likelihood of behaviour repeating

Question 38

negative punishment

Answer 38

rmeoving pleasant stimulus to decrease likelihood of the behaviour repating

Question 39

what is the idea behind social learnign theory

Answer 39

Learning through observation, believe humans and animals learn by observing others around them by imitating or copying the behaviour

Question 40

modelling

Answer 40

learning by observing and imitating someone else’s behaviours

Question 41

role models

Answer 41

people who we observe and imitatew

Question 42

what are the 4 basic processes required for learning to occur

Answer 42

attnetion retention reproduction motivaion

Question 43

attention

Answer 43

must be paid to the role model or no learning will occur, may depend on the distinctiveness of the behaviour being modelled, arousal levels, children more likely to attend to role models similar to themselves e.g. the same sex

Question 44

retention

Answer 44

having focused on the role model they must retain or store what they have attended to, stored as mental images or verbal descriptors and able to recall these later

Question 45

reproduction

Answer 45

of what was observed, physical capabilities of the individual and own self observation of reproduction were factors that would have affected the showing of the behaviour

Question 46

motivation

Answer 46

incentive we are more likely to reproduce, intrinsic motivation is when there may be inherent satisfaction rather than a physical outcome, extrinsic refers to the motivator that isn’t so much a feeling or a view but something tangible like a trophy, vicarious reinforcement which is a form that doesn’t reward the individual themselves but someone else is rewarded

Question 47

self efficacy

Answer 47

person knowing their own ability to do something and be confident with it person must have to reproduce