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Module 103: The Heart, Lungs and Blood > Theme 3: Lecture 1 - Introduction to Circulation > Flashcards

Theme 3: Lecture 1 - Introduction to Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

Perfusion

A

The flow of fluid through a tissue

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2
Q

What does flow require?

A

A pressure differnce

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3
Q

Hypotension

A

Low pressure - can lead to syncope or shock

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4
Q

Hypertension

A

High pressure - can lead to vessel damage, heart damage and many other pathologies

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5
Q

What are the functions of circulation?

A
  • To carry oxygen, glucose and nutrients to the cells
  • To remove waste such as carbon dioxide and heat
  • Homeostasis of the extracellular fluid (via the kidneys)
  • Distribution of hormones
  • Temperature regulation
  • Defence against infections
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6
Q

What are pressure and flow determined by?

A

The heart, blood volume and vessels

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7
Q

Blood pressure equation

A

Blood pressure = cardiac output (flow) x peripheral resistance

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8
Q

Peripheral resistance

A

The total resistance of all the blood vessels in the systemic circulation

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9
Q

Korotkoff sounds

A

What you listen for when taking blood pressure

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10
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

An instrument for measuring blood pressure, typically consisting of an inflatable rubber cuff which is applied to the arm and connected to a column of mercury next to a graduated scale, enabling the determination of systolic and diastolic blood pressure by increasing and gradually releasing the pressure in the cuff.

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11
Q

Functions of aorta

A

Stretch and recoil, stores energy

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12
Q

Function of arteries

A

Distribute, volume adjust

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13
Q

Function of arterioles

A

regulate caps, resistance, set BP and TPR

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14
Q

Function of capillaries

A

Exchange (nutrients, gas, fluid)

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15
Q

Function of venules

A

Collect blood, some exchange

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16
Q

Function of veins

A

Reservoir for blood, muscle pump

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17
Q

Structure of the right atrium

A
  • Thin walled

- Crescent X-section

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18
Q

Structure of left atrium

A
  • Thick walled

- Circular X-section

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19
Q

Features of pulmonary circulation

A
  • Lungs only
  • Low pressure
  • High flow
  • Low resistance
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20
Q

Features of systemic circulation

A
  • Multiple organs
  • High pressure
  • Variable flow
  • Variable resistance
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21
Q

Pulmonary artery blood pressure

A

24/12 mmHg

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22
Q

Right atrium blood pressure

A

4 mmHg

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23
Q

Right ventricle blood pressure

A

24/4 mmHg

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24
Q

Aorta blood pressure

A

130/70 mmHg

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25
Q

Left atrium blood pressure

A

7 mmHg

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26
Q

Left ventricle blood pressure

A

130/7 mmHg`

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27
Q

Systole

A

When ventricles contract. Blood is ejected

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28
Q

Diastole

A

When ventricles relax. Blood can fill ventricle

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29
Q

Apex beat

A

At systole, apex of heart moves forward and strikes the chest wall

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30
Q

Valves

A

Flaps of tissue inside a blood compartment that guarantee one way flow of blood

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31
Q

How many leaflets do heart valves have?

A

3, apart from the mitral (bicuspid) valve that has 2

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32
Q

Mitral valve

A

AKA the bicuspid valve, between the left atrium and ventricle

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33
Q

Chordae tendinae

A

Stringlike processes in the heart that attach the margins of the mitral and tricuspid valve leaflets to the papillary muscles

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34
Q

Papillary muscles

A

Projections of the wall of the ventricles that the chordae tendinae attach to

35
Q

What is the route that blood flows through the heart?

A

Superior and inferior vena cava, Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, systemic circulation

36
Q

AV valves

A
  • Are attached by papillary fibres (prolapse occurs when papillary fibres fail)
  • Close during sytole
  • Produce first heart sound
37
Q

S1

A

First heart sound (lub)

38
Q

Semilunar valves

A
  • Moon shaped
  • Close during diastole
  • Diastole is longer than systole
  • Produce second heart sound
39
Q

S2

A

Second heart sound (dub)

40
Q

Cardiac myocyte/cardiomyocyte

A

Heart muscle cell

41
Q

What can a heart muscle cell be stimulated by?

A
  • A neighbour

- A conducting system

42
Q

Cardiac output

A

The amount of blood ejected by the heart in a minute

43
Q

Formed elements

A

All the blood cells and platelets

44
Q

Blood pressure is determined by the balance between

A

Circulating blood volume and circulatory capacity

45
Q

Circulatory capacity

A

Total volume of all the blood vessels

46
Q

Nephron

A

The structural and functional unit of the kidney

47
Q

Glomerulus

A

Network of capillaries contained within Bowman’s capsule of the nephron. It is the primary filter

48
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

Cup shaped end of the nephron which encloses the glomerulus

49
Q

Peritubular capillaries

A

Tiny blood vessels that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron

50
Q

Vasa recta

A

One set of peritubular capillaries in the medulla of the kidney

51
Q

What happens when the afferent arteriole constricts?

A

Filtration decreases

52
Q

What happens when the afferent arteriole dilates and the efferent arteriole constricts?

A

Filtration increases

53
Q

Filtration

A

Fluid leaving the glomerular capillaries and entering the tubule system of Bowman’s capsule

54
Q

Reabsorption

A

Fluid that has been filtered that is then transported out of the tubule system and back into the bloodstream at the peritubular capillaries

55
Q

Secretion (in the kidney)

A

The process where molecules (esp waste and drugs) are removed from the blood system at the peritubular capillaries and enter the tubule system of the nephron

56
Q

Excretion (in the kidney)

A

Fluid that ends up inside the tubule system of the kidney and is ultimately transported to the urinary bladder for excretion

57
Q

How many glomerulus are there per kidney?

A

Roughly 1 million

58
Q

what are the inputs and outputs of the glomerulus?

A

Input:
-Afferent arteriole

Outputs:

  • Into Bowman’s capsule
  • Efferent arteriole
59
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A
  • Measurement of how much filtering the kidney does from measuring the volume of entering all Bowman’s capsules in both kidneys
  • Measured in ml/min
  • An increased GFR leads to more fluid loss in urine
  • Increased renal blood flow leads to increased GFR
60
Q

Hypoxia

A

Insufficient oxygen supply to a region or the entire body

61
Q

Anoxia

A

Complete deprivation of oxygen supply

62
Q

Hypoxaemia

A

Too little oxygen in the arterial blood system

63
Q

Causes of hypoxia, anoxia and hypoxaemia

A
  • Low haemoglobin: anaemia
  • Tissue consumption too much for the flow
  • Lung: failure of gas exchange or of breathing
64
Q

Ischaemia

A

Insufficient blood flow to a region

65
Q

Causes of ischaemia

A
  • Vessel: Clog, constriction, closure
  • Insufficient blood volume: e.g. from haemorrhage
  • Heart: Insufficient pressure generation
66
Q

Haemorrhage

A

Escape of blood from a ruptured blood vessel, internally or externally

67
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Chest pain due to over exertion of (damaged) heart tissue. It can occur with or without physical exertion

68
Q

Treatment of angina pectoris

A
  • Nitrates for immediate relief

- Long term treatments as per coronary artery disease

69
Q

Causes of angina pectoris

A
  • Immediate cause: Ischaemia of heart tissue due to an obstruction (or spasm) of coronary artery
  • Ultimately may be caused by coronary artery disease or an embolism
70
Q

Myocardial infarction

A
  • AKA heart attack
  • Death of one region of the heart
  • Sudden crushing chest pain
  • Results from occlusion of a coronary artery
71
Q

Treatment for myocardial infarction

A

Immediate reperfusion e.g. PCI

72
Q

PCI

A

Percutaneous coronary interventione.eg balloon angioplasty

73
Q

Reperfusion

A

The re-establishment of blood supply to an area that has been ischaemic otherwise deprived of oxygen

74
Q

Drug treatments for myocardial infarction (won’t cure but help the patient)

A
  • Morphine: For pain
  • Oxygen: For blood to remain oxygenated
  • Nitrates: To open blood vessels
  • Aspirin: Reduce the unwanted formation of clots and reduce platelet activity
75
Q

Heart failure

A
  • AKA pump failure
  • Heart pumps out insufficient blood
  • Results from previous myocardial infarctions
76
Q

Symptoms of heart failure

A
  • Fatigue
  • Dyspnoea
  • Oedema
77
Q

Dyspnoea

A

Difficulty breathing

78
Q

Oedema

A

Excessive accumulation of fluid in the body tissues

79
Q

Shock

A
  • Critically low perfusion
  • Medical emergency
  • Affects critically ill patients
  • Affects cerebral and renal function
80
Q

Haemorrhagic shock

A

Patient loses so much blood from vasculature that other regions of the body can’t get perfusion

81
Q

Treatments for shock

A

Aggressive intravenous fluid and oxygen and airway maintained

82
Q

Syncope

A
  • Loss of consciousness (fainting)
  • Due to insufficient blood flow to the brain
  • Often caused by heart malfunction
83
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Any deviation from the normal rhythm of the heart

Module 103: The Heart, Lungs and Blood (51 decks)

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