Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Module 103: The Heart, Lungs and Blood > Theme 3: Lecture 1 - Introduction to Circulation > Flashcards

Theme 3: Lecture 1 - Introduction to Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

Perfusion

A

The flow of fluid through a tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does flow require?

A

A pressure differnce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hypotension

A

Low pressure - can lead to syncope or shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hypertension

A

High pressure - can lead to vessel damage, heart damage and many other pathologies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the functions of circulation?

A
  • To carry oxygen, glucose and nutrients to the cells
  • To remove waste such as carbon dioxide and heat
  • Homeostasis of the extracellular fluid (via the kidneys)
  • Distribution of hormones
  • Temperature regulation
  • Defence against infections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are pressure and flow determined by?

A

The heart, blood volume and vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Blood pressure equation

A

Blood pressure = cardiac output (flow) x peripheral resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Peripheral resistance

A

The total resistance of all the blood vessels in the systemic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Korotkoff sounds

A

What you listen for when taking blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

An instrument for measuring blood pressure, typically consisting of an inflatable rubber cuff which is applied to the arm and connected to a column of mercury next to a graduated scale, enabling the determination of systolic and diastolic blood pressure by increasing and gradually releasing the pressure in the cuff.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Functions of aorta

A

Stretch and recoil, stores energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Function of arteries

A

Distribute, volume adjust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Function of arterioles

A

regulate caps, resistance, set BP and TPR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Function of capillaries

A

Exchange (nutrients, gas, fluid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Function of venules

A

Collect blood, some exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Function of veins

A

Reservoir for blood, muscle pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Structure of the right atrium

A
  • Thin walled

- Crescent X-section

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Structure of left atrium

A
  • Thick walled

- Circular X-section

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Features of pulmonary circulation

A
  • Lungs only
  • Low pressure
  • High flow
  • Low resistance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Features of systemic circulation

A
  • Multiple organs
  • High pressure
  • Variable flow
  • Variable resistance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pulmonary artery blood pressure

A

24/12 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Right atrium blood pressure

A

4 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Right ventricle blood pressure

A

24/4 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Aorta blood pressure

A

130/70 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Left atrium blood pressure
7 mmHg
26
Left ventricle blood pressure
130/7 mmHg`
27
Systole
When ventricles contract. Blood is ejected
28
Diastole
When ventricles relax. Blood can fill ventricle
29
Apex beat
At systole, apex of heart moves forward and strikes the chest wall
30
Valves
Flaps of tissue inside a blood compartment that guarantee one way flow of blood
31
How many leaflets do heart valves have?
3, apart from the mitral (bicuspid) valve that has 2
32
Mitral valve
AKA the bicuspid valve, between the left atrium and ventricle
33
Chordae tendinae
Stringlike processes in the heart that attach the margins of the mitral and tricuspid valve leaflets to the papillary muscles
34
Papillary muscles
Projections of the wall of the ventricles that the chordae tendinae attach to
35
What is the route that blood flows through the heart?
Superior and inferior vena cava, Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, systemic circulation
36
AV valves
- Are attached by papillary fibres (prolapse occurs when papillary fibres fail) - Close during sytole - Produce first heart sound
37
S1
First heart sound (lub)
38
Semilunar valves
- Moon shaped - Close during diastole - Diastole is longer than systole - Produce second heart sound
39
S2
Second heart sound (dub)
40
Cardiac myocyte/cardiomyocyte
Heart muscle cell
41
What can a heart muscle cell be stimulated by?
- A neighbour | - A conducting system
42
Cardiac output
The amount of blood ejected by the heart in a minute
43
Formed elements
All the blood cells and platelets
44
Blood pressure is determined by the balance between
Circulating blood volume and circulatory capacity
45
Circulatory capacity
Total volume of all the blood vessels
46
Nephron
The structural and functional unit of the kidney
47
Glomerulus
Network of capillaries contained within Bowman's capsule of the nephron. It is the primary filter
48
Bowman's capsule
Cup shaped end of the nephron which encloses the glomerulus
49
Peritubular capillaries
Tiny blood vessels that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron
50
Vasa recta
One set of peritubular capillaries in the medulla of the kidney
51
What happens when the afferent arteriole constricts?
Filtration decreases
52
What happens when the afferent arteriole dilates and the efferent arteriole constricts?
Filtration increases
53
Filtration
Fluid leaving the glomerular capillaries and entering the tubule system of Bowman's capsule
54
Reabsorption
Fluid that has been filtered that is then transported out of the tubule system and back into the bloodstream at the peritubular capillaries
55
Secretion (in the kidney)
The process where molecules (esp waste and drugs) are removed from the blood system at the peritubular capillaries and enter the tubule system of the nephron
56
Excretion (in the kidney)
Fluid that ends up inside the tubule system of the kidney and is ultimately transported to the urinary bladder for excretion
57
How many glomerulus are there per kidney?
Roughly 1 million
58
what are the inputs and outputs of the glomerulus?
Input: -Afferent arteriole Outputs: - Into Bowman's capsule - Efferent arteriole
59
Glomerular filtration rate
- Measurement of how much filtering the kidney does from measuring the volume of entering all Bowman's capsules in both kidneys - Measured in ml/min - An increased GFR leads to more fluid loss in urine - Increased renal blood flow leads to increased GFR
60
Hypoxia
Insufficient oxygen supply to a region or the entire body
61
Anoxia
Complete deprivation of oxygen supply
62
Hypoxaemia
Too little oxygen in the arterial blood system
63
Causes of hypoxia, anoxia and hypoxaemia
- Low haemoglobin: anaemia - Tissue consumption too much for the flow - Lung: failure of gas exchange or of breathing
64
Ischaemia
Insufficient blood flow to a region
65
Causes of ischaemia
- Vessel: Clog, constriction, closure - Insufficient blood volume: e.g. from haemorrhage - Heart: Insufficient pressure generation
66
Haemorrhage
Escape of blood from a ruptured blood vessel, internally or externally
67
Angina pectoris
Chest pain due to over exertion of (damaged) heart tissue. It can occur with or without physical exertion
68
Treatment of angina pectoris
- Nitrates for immediate relief | - Long term treatments as per coronary artery disease
69
Causes of angina pectoris
- Immediate cause: Ischaemia of heart tissue due to an obstruction (or spasm) of coronary artery - Ultimately may be caused by coronary artery disease or an embolism
70
Myocardial infarction
- AKA heart attack - Death of one region of the heart - Sudden crushing chest pain - Results from occlusion of a coronary artery
71
Treatment for myocardial infarction
Immediate reperfusion e.g. PCI
72
PCI
Percutaneous coronary interventione.eg balloon angioplasty
73
Reperfusion
The re-establishment of blood supply to an area that has been ischaemic otherwise deprived of oxygen
74
Drug treatments for myocardial infarction (won't cure but help the patient)
- Morphine: For pain - Oxygen: For blood to remain oxygenated - Nitrates: To open blood vessels - Aspirin: Reduce the unwanted formation of clots and reduce platelet activity
75
Heart failure
- AKA pump failure - Heart pumps out insufficient blood - Results from previous myocardial infarctions
76
Symptoms of heart failure
- Fatigue - Dyspnoea - Oedema
77
Dyspnoea
Difficulty breathing
78
Oedema
Excessive accumulation of fluid in the body tissues
79
Shock
- Critically low perfusion - Medical emergency - Affects critically ill patients - Affects cerebral and renal function
80
Haemorrhagic shock
Patient loses so much blood from vasculature that other regions of the body can't get perfusion
81
Treatments for shock
Aggressive intravenous fluid and oxygen and airway maintained
82
Syncope
- Loss of consciousness (fainting) - Due to insufficient blood flow to the brain - Often caused by heart malfunction
83
Arrhythmia
Any deviation from the normal rhythm of the heart

Module 103: The Heart, Lungs and Blood (51 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions