Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Module 103: The Heart, Lungs and Blood > Theme 2: Lecture 5 - Physiology of normal white blood cells > Flashcards

Theme 2: Lecture 5 - Physiology of normal white blood cells Flashcards

1
Q

Which cells make up the leukocytes

A
  • B cells
  • T cells
  • Large granular lymphocytes (includes NK cells)
  • Mononuclear phagocytes
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which cells make up the lymphocytes

A
  • B cells
  • T cells
  • Large granular lymphocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which cells make up the phagocytes

A
  • Mononuclear phagocytes
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the axillary cells of the immune system

A
  • Basophils
  • mast cells
  • platelets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which cells make up the granulocytes

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What % of WBCs are neutrophils

A

50-70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What % of WBCs are lymphocytes

A

20-40%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What % of WBCs are monocytes

A

3-10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What % of WBCs are eosinophils

A

1-3%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What % of WBCs are basophils

A

< 1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What % of lymphocytes are NK cells

A

5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Basophil appearance

A

Lobed nuclei and heavily granulated cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are basophils

A

-Non-phagocytic cells
-Function by releasing pharmacologically active
substances from their cytoplasmic granules
-Express Fc epsilon RI
-Allergen can bind to allergen-specific IgE bound to the cell surface of basophils causing degranulation of effector mediators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where are basophils found

A

circulating in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fc epsilon RI

A

An IgE receptor that binds to the Fc portion of IgE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where are basophils recruited to

A

Recruited to sites of allergic reactions or ectoparasite infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Eosinophil appearance

A

Have bilobed nuclei and granulated cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are eosinophils

A
  • Motile phagocytic cells that can migrate from the blood into the tissues
  • granules containing toxins e.g. peroxidases
  • Attack parasites in GI, respiratory and genito-urinary tracts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where are eosinophils found

A

majority located in tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where are eosinophils recruited to

A

sites of allergic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do eosinophils express on activation

A

Fc epsilon RI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Neutrophil appearance

A

Polymorphonuclear cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where are neutrophils found

A

circulating in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Neutrophil lifespan

A
  • short

- 8 hours to 4 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are neutrophils

A
  • Phagocytic cells
  • first responders to infection, rapidly recruited to site
  • numbers increased in bacterial infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What do neutrophils produce

A
  • myeloperoxidase (an enzyme)

- ROS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Monocyte appearance

A

kidney shaped nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where are monocytes found

A
  • Reservoir of monocytes in the spleen

- Also circulate in bloodstream where they enlarge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When do monocytes migrate to tissues after being released from the bone marrow

A

one day

30
Q

What are monocytes

A
  • Blood-bourne phagocytes

- Precursors to macrophages

31
Q

Where are macrophages found

A

in the tissues (they are tissue specific)

32
Q

What are macrophages

A

tissue resident phagocytes

33
Q

Macrophage lifespan

A

months to years

34
Q

Macrophage appearance

A
  • 5-10-fold larger than monocytes

- Contain many more organelles compared to monocytes e.g. lysosomes

35
Q

Which WBCs are increased in bacterial infection

A
  • neutrophils

- monocytes too in chronic infection

36
Q

Which WBCs are increased in viral infection

A
  • lymphocytes

- monocytes sometimes

37
Q

Which WBCs are increased in parasite infection

A
  • eosinophils

- activation of mast cells too

38
Q

Which WBCs are increased in fungal infection

A

monocytes

39
Q

Which WBCs are increased in allergy

A
  • basophils
  • eosinophils in chronic phase
  • activation of mast cells
40
Q

What are cytokines

A
  • Act as the messenger molecules of the immune system
  • Also assist in regulating the development of immune effector cells
  • Have a low molecular weight (<30 kDa) regulatory proteins or glycoproteins
41
Q

What are cytokines secreted by

A

primarily by WBCs

42
Q

Where to cytokines act

A

generally locally (paracrine signalling)

43
Q

What are chemokines

A

These are a type of cytokine that induce directed chemotaxis in local responsive cells

44
Q

What do chemokines function mainly as

A

attractants for leucocytes, recruiting monocytes and neutrophils to the site of infection

45
Q

MCP-1

A
  • Monocyte chemotactic protein 1
  • AKA CCL-2
  • Important monocyte chemokine, key for recruiting monocytes to sites of injury/infection
46
Q

What is inflammation characterised by

A
  • heat
  • redness
  • swelling
  • pain
47
Q

What is inflammation

A

A response of vascularised tissue to infections and damaged tissue

48
Q

What is the purpose of inflammation

A

To bring cells and molecules involved in host defence and repair the site of infection/injury

49
Q

Process of inflammation

A
  • Bacteria trigger macrophages to release cytokines and chemokines
  • This causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability which causes redness, heat and swelling
  • Inflammatory cells (leukocytes) migrate into the tissue releasing inflammatory mediators which cause pain
  • Leucocytes destroy microbes and unwanted material
50
Q

Describe acute inflammation

A
  • Initial, rapid response
  • Develops within minutes
  • Lasts hours – days
  • Resolves once stimulus is removed
51
Q

What is acute inflammation predominantly mediated by

A

neutrophils

52
Q

Describe chronic inflammation

A
  • Lasts weeks – months
  • Can lead to tissue destruction
  • Attempts at healing (fibrosis)
53
Q

What is chronic inflammation predominantly mediated by

A

-mononuclear cells (macrophages, lymphocytes)

54
Q

How are monocytes recruited to the site of infection

A
  • Monocyte binds adhesion molecules (in the absence of these adhesion molecules, the monocytes aren’t going to be recruited into the tissue) on vascular endothelium near sites of infection and gets chemokine signal
  • Monocyte migrated into surrounding tissues
  • Monocyte differentiates into a macrophage and migrates to the site of infection
55
Q

What are the 2 types of cell adhesion to endothelium

A
  • Initial contact

- Tighter adhesion

56
Q

What are adhering monocytes stimulated by to cross the endothelium and lodge in the intima

A

MCP-1

57
Q

Initial contact

A

P-selectin and E-selectin (adhesion molecules) on endothelium recognised by oligosaccharides (sulfated sialyl-Lewis x ) on leucocytes

58
Q

Tighter contact

A

intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) on the endothelium recognised integrins (a type of receptor) on leucocytes

59
Q

ICAMs

A

Intercellular adhesion molecules

60
Q

When are ICAMs present

A
  • When the endothelium is activated

- In normal circumstances these molecules aren’t present so don’t facilitate binding of the endothelium to leukocytes

61
Q

Name 2 intercellular adhesion molecules

A

ICAM-1 (CD54)

VCAM-1 (CD106)

62
Q

Which integrin molecules do ICAM-1 bind to

A

LFA-1

Mac1

63
Q

What integrin molecule does VCAM-1 bind to

A

VLA-4

64
Q

Describe the interaction between platelets and monocytes

A

Activated or adhered platelets can recruit and inflame monocytes

65
Q

How do phagocytic cells recognise pathogens or damaged host molecules

A

By pattern recognition receptors (cell surface receptors) that can discriminate between the surface molecules displayed by pathogens and host cells

66
Q

Name 3 pattern recognition receptors

A
  • Macrophage mannose receptor
  • Scavenger receptors
  • Toll like receptors
67
Q

What is the ligand for macrophage mannose receptors

A

conserved carbohydrate structures

68
Q

What are the ligands for scavenger receptors

A
  • anionic polymers

- acetylated and oxidised LDL

69
Q

What are the ligands for toll like receptors

A

various ligands for various toll like receptors

70
Q

Opsonization

A

Pathogens are coated by circulating receptors to make them more visible to phagocytes

71
Q

Describe phagocytosis

A
  • Occurs via actin-based mechanism and interaction with various cell surface receptors
  • Foreign particles internalized to form phagosomes
  • Fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes leads to formation of phagolysosomes where foreign particles are enzymatically degraded
  • Lysosome regenerated afterwards

Module 103: The Heart, Lungs and Blood (51 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions