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Microeconomics > Theme 3 definitions > Flashcards

Theme 3 definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Allocative efficiency

A

When resources are allocated to the best interests of society, when there is maximum social welfare and maximum utility; P=MC

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2
Q

Asymmetric information

A

Where one party has more information than the other, leading to market failure and causing problems for regulators

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3
Q

Bilateral monopoly

A

Where there is only one buyer and one seller in the market

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4
Q

Cartels

A

A formal collusive agreement where firms enter into an agreement to mutually set prices

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5
Q

Collusion

A

Occurs when firms agree to work together, for example by setting a price or fixing the quantity they produce

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6
Q

Competition policy

A

Government action to increase competition in markets

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7
Q

Competitive tendering

A

When the government contracts out the provision of a good or service and invites firms to bid for the contract

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8
Q

Conglomerate integration

A

The merger of firms with no common connection

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9
Q

Constant returns to scale

A

Output increases by the same proportion that the inputs increase by

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10
Q

Contestable market

A

When there is the threat of new entrants into the market, forcing firms to be efficient

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11
Q

Decreasing returns to scale

A

An increase in inputs by a certain proportion will lead to output increasing by a smaller proportion

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12
Q

Demergers

A

A single business is broken into two or more businesses to operate on their own, to be sold or to be dissolved

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13
Q

Deregulation

A

The removal of legal barriers to allow private enterprises to compete in a previously protected market

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14
Q

Derived demand

A

The demand for one good is linked to the demand for a related good

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15
Q

Diminishing marginal productivity

A

If a variable factor is increased when another factor is fixed, there will come a point when each extra unit of the variable factor will produce less extra output than the previous unit; after a certain point, marginal output falls

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16
Q

Average cost/average total cost (AC/ATC)

A

The cost of production per unit; total costs divided by quantity produced

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17
Q

Average revenue (AR)

A

The price each unit is sold for; total revenue divided by quantity sold

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18
Q

Diseconomies of scale

A

The disadvantages that arise in large businesses that reduce efficiency and cause average costs to rise

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19
Q

Economies of scale

A

The advantages of large scale production that enable a large business to produce at a lower average cost than a smaller business

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20
Q

External economies of scale

A

An advantage which arises from the growth of the industry within which the firm operates, independent of the firm itself

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21
Q

Fixed cost

A

Costs which do not vary with output

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22
Q

For-profit business

A

A business whose main aim is to make money

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23
Q

Game theory

A

Used to predict the outcome of a decision made by one firm, when it has incomplete information about the other firm

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24
Q

Geographical mobility of labour

A

The ease and speed at which labour can move from one area to another

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25
Horizontal integration
The merger of firms in the same industry at the same stage of production
26
Increasing returns to scale
An increase in inputs by a certain proportion will lead to an increase in output by a larger proportion
27
Interdependent
The actions of one firm directly affects another firm
28
Limit pricing
When firms set prices low in order to prevent new entrants; used in contestable markets
29
Loss
When revenue does not cover costs
30
Marginal cost
The additional cost of producing one extra unit of good
31
Marginal revenue
The additional revenue gained by selling one extra unit of good
32
Maximum wage
A ceiling wage which people cannot earn above
33
Divorce of ownership from control
Firms are owned by shareholders, who have little say in the day to day running of the business, and controlled by managers; this leads to the principal-agent problem
34
Dynamic efficiency
Efficiency in the long run; concerned with new technology and increases in productivity which causes efficiency to increase over a period of time
35
Internal economies of scale
An advantage that a firm is able to enjoy because of growth in the firm, independent of anything happening to other firms or the industry in general
36
Minimum efficient scale
The lowest level of output necessary to fully exploit economies of scale
37
Minimum wage
A floor wage which people cannot earn below
38
Monopoly
A single seller in the market
39
Monopsony
A single buyer in the market
40
N-firm concentration ratio
The percentage of market share held by the ‘n’ biggest firms
41
Nationalisation
When a private sector company or industry is brought under state control, to be owned and managed by the government
42
Non-collusive oligopoly
When firms in an oligopoly compete against each other, rather than making agreements to reduce competition
43
Monopolistic competition
Where there are a large number of buyers and sellers who are relatively small and act independently, selling non-homogeneous goods
44
Natural monopoly
Where economies of scale are so large that not even a single producer is able to fully exploit them; it is more efficient for there to be a monopoly than many sellers
45
Non-price competition
When firms compete on factors other than price, for example customer service or quality; they aim to increase the loyalty to the brand which makes demand more inelastic
46
Normal profit
The minimum reward required to keep entrepreneurs supplying their enterprise, the return sufficient to keep the factors of production committed to the business; TC=TR
47
Not-for-profit business
Where firms are run in order to maximise social welfare and help individuals and groups; any profit they do make is used to support their aims
48
Occupational mobility of labour
The ease and speed at which labour can move from one type of job to another
49
Oligopoly
Where a few firms dominate the market and have the majority of market share, they act interdependently
50
Organic growth
Where firms grow by increasing their output
51
Overt collusion
Collusion where firms come to a formal agreement, for example a cartel
52
Perfect competition
A market with many buyers and sellers selling homogenous goods with perfect information and freedom of entry and exit
53
Perfectly contestable market
A market with no barriers to entry, where a new firm can easily enter and compete against incumbent firms completely equally
54
Price leadership
Where one firm sets prices and other firms tend to follow this firm as they are fearful of engaging in a price war
55
Price wars
Where firms continuously drive prices down to the point where they are frequently making losses and firms are forced to leave
56
Private sector
The part of the economy that is owned and run by individuals or groups of individuals
57
Privatisation
The sale of government equity in nationalised industries or other firms to private investors
58
Productive efficiency
When resources are used to give the maximum possible output at the lowest possible cost; MC=AC
59
Profit maximisation
When firms produce at a point which derives the greatest profit; MC=MR
60
Profit satisficing
When a firm earns just enough profit to keep its shareholders happy
61
Public sector
The part of the economy that is owned or controlled by local or central government
62
Revenue maximisation
When firms produce at a point which derives the greatest revenue; MR=0
63
Sales maximisation
When firms produce at a point where they sell as many of their goods and services as possible without making a loss; AR=AC
64
Static efficiency
The level of efficiency at one point in time
65
Sunk cost
Costs that cannot be recovered once they have been spent
66
Supernormal profit
The profit above normal profit, TR>TC
67
Tacit collusion
Collusion where there is no formal agreement, such as price leadership
68
Predatory pricing
When a large, established firm is threatened by new entrants so sets such a low price that other firms make losses and are driven out the market
69
Principal-agent problem
Where the agent makes decisions on behalf of the principal; the agent should maximise the benefits of the principal but have the temptation of maximising their own benefits
70
Regulatory capture
When regulators become more empathetic and are able to ‘see things from the firm’s perspective’, which removes impartiality and weakens their ability to regulate
71
Third degree price discrimination
When monopolists charge different prices to different groups for the same good or service
72
Total cost
The cost to produce a given level of output; total variable costs + total fixed costs
73
Total revenue
Revenue generated from the sale of a given level of output; price x quantity sold
74
Variable cost
Costs which change with output
75
Vertical integration
When a firm merges or takes over another firm in the same industry, but at a different stage of production
76
X-inefficiency
When firms produce at a cost above the AC curve

Microeconomics (13 decks)

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