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Geography > Theme 3 - 3.3 - Industry > Flashcards

Theme 3 - 3.3 - Industry Flashcards

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1
Q

Remember to revise the different types of economic activity (e.g. primary)

A

See 3.1 - Economic Development flashcards

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2
Q

Why can the manufacturing industry be seen as a system?

A

It has inputs, processes and outputs.

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3
Q

Define by-product.

A

Something that is let over from the main production process, which has some value and therefore can be sold.

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4
Q

Define waste product.

A

A product that has no value and must be disposed of.

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5
Q

Define footloose industries.

A

Industries that are not tied to certain areas because of enery requirements or other factors.

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6
Q

Define industrial agglomeration.

A

The clustering together of economic activities in close proximity to one another.

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7
Q

Define industrial estate.

A

An area located and planned for the purpose of industrial deelopment.

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8
Q

Define greenfield locations.

A

Areas of agricultural land or some other undeveloped site earmarked for commercial development or industrial projects.

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9
Q

Define construction.

A

The occupation or industry of building.

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10
Q

Define manufacturing.

A

The making of goods.

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11
Q

What are inputs in terms of industry?

A

The elements that are required for the manufacturing process to take place.

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12
Q

What are processes in terms of industry?

A

Industrial activities that take place in the factory to makr the finished product.

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13
Q

What are outputs in terms of industry?

A

The finished product(s) that are sold to customers.

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14
Q

Give some examples of inputs into a manufacturing system.

A
  • Labour
  • Capital
  • Raw materials
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15
Q

Give some examples of processes in a manufacturing system.

A
  • Assembly
  • Maintenance
  • Packaging
  • Transport
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16
Q

Give some examples of outputs in a manufacturing system.

A
  • Product

- Profit

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17
Q

What is a weight-gain industry?

A

An industry that makes products which get heavier in the manufacturing process. E.g. Car manufacture

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18
Q

What is a weight-loss industry?

A

An industry that makes prodcuts which lose weight throughout the manufacturing process. E.g. Steelworks

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19
Q

What is just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing?

A

Industries that order parts as and when they need them. This saves on storage cost but there is a need for excellent communication with supplier.

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20
Q

What is just-in-case (JIC) manufacturing?

A

Industries that stockpile a supply of parts just in case they are needed in the production process. This increases storage costs, but ensures that they never run out of parts to manufacture.

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21
Q

What are perishable goods?

A

Products that go rotten very quickly.

22
Q

What are processing industries?

A

Industries based on the direct processing of raw materials. E.g. Iron and steel industry

23
Q

What are assembly industries?

A

Industries based on putting together parts that have been made elsewhere. E.g. Car assembly

24
Q

What are high-technology industries?

A
  • Fastest growing industry in the world
  • Produce advanced products - e.g. silicon chips, computers, robots
  • Spend much money on scientific reseacrh
25
Q

What can be said about the location of processing industries?

A

Generally, they need to be near their raw materials.

Raw material orientation

26
Q

What can be said about the location of assembly industries?

A
  • They have a wider choice of location than processing industries, which makes them ‘footloose’ industries.
  • But generally, they have to be near transport routes.
    (Transport route orientation)
27
Q

What can be said about the location of high-technology industries?

A

They often cluster together in science parks and are near to universities to employ well-qualified graduates and be aware of latest research.
(Skill orientation)

28
Q

Give an example of a science park.

A

Cambridge Science Park

29
Q

What are the different classifications of industries?

A
  • Large scale or small scale
  • Heavy or light
  • Market orientated or raw material orientated
  • Processing or assembly
  • Capital intensive or labour intensive
  • National and transnational
30
Q

What is the difference between large scale and small scale industries?

A
  • Large scale: Large plant and many people employed

- Small scale: Small plant and few people employed

31
Q

What is the difference between heavy and light industries?

A
  • Heavy: Processing on a large scale and producing large products
  • Light: Processing on a small scale and producing small products
32
Q

Give an example of a heavy industry.

A

Iron and steel industry

33
Q

Give an example of a light industry.

A

Assembly of computers

34
Q

What is the difference between market orientated and raw material orientated industries?

A
  • Market orientated: Drawn to locations near the market

- Raw material orientated: Drawn to locations near raw materials

35
Q

What is the difference between processing and assembly industries?

A
  • Processing: Direct processing of raw materials

- Assembly: Putting together parts

36
Q

What is the difference between capital intensive and labour intensive industries?

A
  • Capital intensive: Intensive production relies mostly on capital
  • Labour intensive: Intensive production relies mostly on labour
37
Q

What is the difference between national and transnational industries?

A
  • National: Operating in only 1 country

- Transnational: Operating in at least 2 countries

38
Q

What are some factors that affect the location of manufacturing industry?

A 
PHYSICAL
- Raw material
- Power/Energy
- Natural routes
- Site and land -> Large, flat land needed
- Climate -> Attracts workers and saves money on bills 
HUMAN + ECONOMIC
- Labour source
- Capital
- Markets
- Transport routes
- Economies of scale -> Small factories may merge with others or be taken over
- Government policies
- Improved technology -> More freedom
- Leisure facilities -> Attract workers
39
Q

What can be said about the location of food processing industries?

A

They are generally near markets, so the food can quickly and easily be distributed.
(Market orientation)

40
Q

What company decisions may be influenced by an industry’s location (and vice versa)?

A
  • Location
  • Scale of production
  • Methods of organisation
  • Product(s) manufactured
41
Q

Why are newer manufacturing industries located differently to in the past?

A
  • Shift in manufacturing to LEDCs and NICs
  • Changing views on pollution, etc.
  • Rise of high-tech industries -> Have different orientation to normal manufacturing
  • Ease and cheapness of importing materials
  • Increased desire for pleasant atmosphere
  • Government policies encourage industries to locate in areas of high unemployment
  • Raw material source may be used up -> New source has to be found and moved to
42
Q

Define industry.

A

Economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories.

43
Q

Why must the word ‘industry’ be avoided in exams?

A

It is very vague. Make sure to specific - e.g. MANUFACTURING industry, not just industry

44
Q

From which part to which part of urban areas are industries now generally moving?

A

Mostly from traditional inner-urban sites to urban-edge locations

45
Q

Are industry location factors the same now as 100 years ago?

A

No, they have changed for several reasons.

46
Q

Why are many industries moving from inner-urban areas to rural-edge locations?

A
  • More room for expansion
  • Better access to transport
  • More aesthetic and pleasant
  • No longer bound to a certain location by raw material supply, etc.
  • Quieter and less polluted
47
Q

What are the reasons for the development of industrial estates?

A
  • Concentrating dedicated infrastructure in one area -> Reduces per-business expense on infrastructure
  • Attracting new businesses by providing an integrated infrastructure
  • Separating industry from residential areas to try to reduce the social + environmental impact
  • Industrial estates more eligible for grants and loans due to policies
  • High-tech firms can exchange ideas and info
  • Sharing maintenance and support services
  • Building up a pool of highly skilled labour
48
Q

What are some impacts of manufacturing on the environment?

A
  • Air pollution -> Greenhouse gases
  • Water pollution -> Eutrophication
  • Waste disposal -> Landfill
  • Development on greenfield sites
49
Q

What are some reasons for the growth of manufacturing in LEDCs and NICs?

A
  • Good access to raw materials
  • People willingly to work for less -> Intensive labour
  • Large investment into the countries by TNCs -> Money to develop factories, etc.
  • Large workforce -> Due to rapidly increasing population
  • Dependency on agriculture is risky
  • Globalisation
50
Q

Remember to ask Sir about how changing modes of transport have affected industrial locations.

A

.

Geography (20 decks)

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