Theme 3 - 3.3 - Industry Flashcards
Remember to revise the different types of economic activity (e.g. primary)
See 3.1 - Economic Development flashcards
Why can the manufacturing industry be seen as a system?
It has inputs, processes and outputs.
Define by-product.
Something that is let over from the main production process, which has some value and therefore can be sold.
Define waste product.
A product that has no value and must be disposed of.
Define footloose industries.
Industries that are not tied to certain areas because of enery requirements or other factors.
Define industrial agglomeration.
The clustering together of economic activities in close proximity to one another.
Define industrial estate.
An area located and planned for the purpose of industrial deelopment.
Define greenfield locations.
Areas of agricultural land or some other undeveloped site earmarked for commercial development or industrial projects.
Define construction.
The occupation or industry of building.
Define manufacturing.
The making of goods.
What are inputs in terms of industry?
The elements that are required for the manufacturing process to take place.
What are processes in terms of industry?
Industrial activities that take place in the factory to makr the finished product.
What are outputs in terms of industry?
The finished product(s) that are sold to customers.
Give some examples of inputs into a manufacturing system.
- Labour
- Capital
- Raw materials
Give some examples of processes in a manufacturing system.
- Assembly
- Maintenance
- Packaging
- Transport
Give some examples of outputs in a manufacturing system.
- Product
- Profit
What is a weight-gain industry?
An industry that makes products which get heavier in the manufacturing process. E.g. Car manufacture
What is a weight-loss industry?
An industry that makes prodcuts which lose weight throughout the manufacturing process. E.g. Steelworks
What is just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing?
Industries that order parts as and when they need them. This saves on storage cost but there is a need for excellent communication with supplier.
What is just-in-case (JIC) manufacturing?
Industries that stockpile a supply of parts just in case they are needed in the production process. This increases storage costs, but ensures that they never run out of parts to manufacture.
What are perishable goods?
Products that go rotten very quickly.
What are processing industries?
Industries based on the direct processing of raw materials. E.g. Iron and steel industry
What are assembly industries?
Industries based on putting together parts that have been made elsewhere. E.g. Car assembly
What are high-technology industries?
- Fastest growing industry in the world
- Produce advanced products - e.g. silicon chips, computers, robots
- Spend much money on scientific reseacrh
What can be said about the location of processing industries?
Generally, they need to be near their raw materials.
Raw material orientation
What can be said about the location of assembly industries?
- They have a wider choice of location than processing industries, which makes them ‘footloose’ industries.
- But generally, they have to be near transport routes.
(Transport route orientation)
What can be said about the location of high-technology industries?
They often cluster together in science parks and are near to universities to employ well-qualified graduates and be aware of latest research.
(Skill orientation)
Give an example of a science park.
Cambridge Science Park
What are the different classifications of industries?
- Large scale or small scale
- Heavy or light
- Market orientated or raw material orientated
- Processing or assembly
- Capital intensive or labour intensive
- National and transnational
What is the difference between large scale and small scale industries?
- Large scale: Large plant and many people employed
- Small scale: Small plant and few people employed
What is the difference between heavy and light industries?
- Heavy: Processing on a large scale and producing large products
- Light: Processing on a small scale and producing small products
Give an example of a heavy industry.
Iron and steel industry
Give an example of a light industry.
Assembly of computers
What is the difference between market orientated and raw material orientated industries?
- Market orientated: Drawn to locations near the market
- Raw material orientated: Drawn to locations near raw materials
What is the difference between processing and assembly industries?
- Processing: Direct processing of raw materials
- Assembly: Putting together parts
What is the difference between capital intensive and labour intensive industries?
- Capital intensive: Intensive production relies mostly on capital
- Labour intensive: Intensive production relies mostly on labour
What is the difference between national and transnational industries?
- National: Operating in only 1 country
- Transnational: Operating in at least 2 countries
What are some factors that affect the location of manufacturing industry?
PHYSICAL - Raw material - Power/Energy - Natural routes - Site and land -> Large, flat land needed - Climate -> Attracts workers and saves money on bills HUMAN + ECONOMIC - Labour source - Capital - Markets - Transport routes - Economies of scale -> Small factories may merge with others or be taken over - Government policies - Improved technology -> More freedom - Leisure facilities -> Attract workers
What can be said about the location of food processing industries?
They are generally near markets, so the food can quickly and easily be distributed.
(Market orientation)
What company decisions may be influenced by an industry’s location (and vice versa)?
- Location
- Scale of production
- Methods of organisation
- Product(s) manufactured
Why are newer manufacturing industries located differently to in the past?
- Shift in manufacturing to LEDCs and NICs
- Changing views on pollution, etc.
- Rise of high-tech industries -> Have different orientation to normal manufacturing
- Ease and cheapness of importing materials
- Increased desire for pleasant atmosphere
- Government policies encourage industries to locate in areas of high unemployment
- Raw material source may be used up -> New source has to be found and moved to
Define industry.
Economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories.
Why must the word ‘industry’ be avoided in exams?
It is very vague. Make sure to specific - e.g. MANUFACTURING industry, not just industry
From which part to which part of urban areas are industries now generally moving?
Mostly from traditional inner-urban sites to urban-edge locations
Are industry location factors the same now as 100 years ago?
No, they have changed for several reasons.
Why are many industries moving from inner-urban areas to rural-edge locations?
- More room for expansion
- Better access to transport
- More aesthetic and pleasant
- No longer bound to a certain location by raw material supply, etc.
- Quieter and less polluted
What are the reasons for the development of industrial estates?
- Concentrating dedicated infrastructure in one area -> Reduces per-business expense on infrastructure
- Attracting new businesses by providing an integrated infrastructure
- Separating industry from residential areas to try to reduce the social + environmental impact
- Industrial estates more eligible for grants and loans due to policies
- High-tech firms can exchange ideas and info
- Sharing maintenance and support services
- Building up a pool of highly skilled labour
What are some impacts of manufacturing on the environment?
- Air pollution -> Greenhouse gases
- Water pollution -> Eutrophication
- Waste disposal -> Landfill
- Development on greenfield sites
What are some reasons for the growth of manufacturing in LEDCs and NICs?
- Good access to raw materials
- People willingly to work for less -> Intensive labour
- Large investment into the countries by TNCs -> Money to develop factories, etc.
- Large workforce -> Due to rapidly increasing population
- Dependency on agriculture is risky
- Globalisation
Remember to ask Sir about how changing modes of transport have affected industrial locations.
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