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Geography > Theme 1 - 1.1 - Population Dynamics > Flashcards

Theme 1 - 1.1 - Population Dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

Define population explosion.

A

The rapid population growth of the developing world in the post-1950 period.

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2
Q

Define birth rate.

A

The number of live births per thousand population in a year.

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3
Q

Define death rate.

A

The number of deaths per thousand population in a year.

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4
Q

What is the rate of natural change?

A

The difference between the birth rate and death rate. If it is positive -> Natural increase. If it is negative -> Natural decrease.

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5
Q

What is natural increase?

A

What the birth rate is greater than the death rate, resulting in a positive rate of natural change.

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6
Q

What is natural decrease?

A

What the birth rate is smaller than the death rate, resulting in a negative rate of natural change.

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7
Q

What is the rate of net migration?

A

The difference between the rates of immigration and emigration.

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8
Q

What is a model of demographic transition?

A

A model illustrating the historical shift of birth and death rates from high to low levels in a population.

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9
Q

What is total fertility rate?

A

The average number of children a woman has during her lifetime.

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10
Q

What is infant mortality rate?

A

The number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1000 live births per year.

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11
Q

What is life expectancy at birth?

A

The average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live under current mortality levels.

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12
Q

What is depopulation?

A

A decline in the number of people in a population.

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13
Q

What is optimum population?

A
  • The best balance between a population and the resources available to it.
  • This is usually viewed as the population giving the highest average living standards to a country.
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14
Q

What is under-population?

A

When there are too few people in area to use the resources available effectively.

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15
Q

What is over-population?

A

When there are too many people in an area relative to the resources and the level of technology available.

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16
Q

What is underemployment?

A

A situation where people are working less than they would like to and need to in order to earn a reasonable living.

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17
Q

What is population policy?

A

Encompasses all of the measures taken by aimed at influencing population size, growth, distribution or composition.

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18
Q

What are pro-natalist policies?

A

Policies which promote larger families.

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19
Q

What are anti-natalist policies?

A

Policies which aim to reduce population growth.

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20
Q

What was the human population 10,000 years ago?

A

No greater than 5 million.

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21
Q

When did the human population reach 1 billion?

A

About 1800.

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22
Q

Which two countries account for 37% of the world’s population?

A
  • China

* India

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23
Q

What is the world human population currently?

A

Over 7 billion

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24
Q

What is the trend with population growth?

A

Population growth happened at an increasing rate until about 50 years ago, after which the rate started to decrease.

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25
Q

How much did the world population increase by in 2012?

A

84.3 million

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26
Q

Which countries are the cause of the majority of the world’s population growth?

A

Developing countries

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27
Q

What causes rapid population growth?

A

Large difference between the birth rate and the death rate.

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28
Q

When did more more and less developed countries have their period of high population growth?

A
  • More developed - 19th and early 20th Century.

* Less developed - Since about 1950.

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29
Q

When was the highest ever rate of population growth reached?

A

1960s

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30
Q

What impact is the world’s population structure having on population growth?

A

There are currently very many women in the child-bearing age, so the birth rate remains high (and so does population increase).

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31
Q

What two factors combine to determine a country’s population change?

A

1) Rate of natural change (BR and DR combined)
2) Net migration

Natural change is usually more significant.

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32
Q

What does the demographic transition model look like?

A

See diagram - Pg 3 of revision guide

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33
Q

Are any countries in stage 1 of the demographic transition model?

A

No, it only applies to the most remote societies on Earth.

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34
Q

Where can less developed countries be found on the demographic transition model?

A
  • The poorest are in stage 2
  • More socially and economically advanced are in stage 3.
  • The earliest industrialised countries (e.g. South Korea) are in stage 4.
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35
Q

Where can more developed countries be found on the demographic transition model?

A

Stages 4 and 5

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36
Q

In which areas of the world can stage 5 of the demographic transition model be seen?

A

Mainly Eastern and Southern Europe

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37
Q

What is each stage in the demographic transition model called?

A
  • Stage 1 - High stationary stage
  • Stage 2 - Early expanding stage
  • Stage 3 - Late expanding stage
  • Stage 4 - Low stationary stage
  • Stage 5 - Natural decrease stage
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38
Q

Describe stage 1 of the demographic transition model.

A
  • Birth rate is high and stable

* Death rate is high and fluctuating (due to sporadic famine, disease, war)

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39
Q

Describe stage 2 of the demographic transition model.

A
  • Death rate declines quickly
  • Birth rate remains high (due to social norms remaining)
  • The rate of natural increase increases to a peak at the end of this stage
40
Q

Why does death rate fluctuate in stage 1 of the demographic transition model?

A

Due to sporadic outbreaks of famine, disease, war, etc.

41
Q

Why does birth rate remain high in stage 2 of the demographic transition model?

A

Social norms about fertility take time to change.

42
Q

Describe stage 3 of the demographic transition model.

A
  • Death rate levels out
  • Birth rate starts to decline (due to adjusted social norms)
  • The rate of natural increase decreases gradually
43
Q

Describe stage 4 of the demographic transition model.

A
  • Death rate is low and constant
  • Birth rate is low and fairly constant (slight fluctuations due to changing economic conditions)
  • BR slightly higher than DR -> Slow rate of natural increase
44
Q

Describe stage 5 of the demographic transition model.

A
  • Death rate is low and constant
  • Birth rate drops below death rate
  • Slow natural decrease
45
Q

How are currently developing countries undergoing population change compared to countries which have developed earlier?

A
  • Birth rates in stages 1 and 2 were higher
  • Death rate fell more steeply (stage 2)
  • Some countries with larger base populations -> Impact of rapid population growth in stages 2 and 3 has been much greater
  • Steeper fall in fertility in stage 3
  • Weaker relationship between population change and economic development
46
Q

What is the most common measure of fertility?

A

Birth rate (but it is not necessarily the most ACCURATE)

47
Q

What is fertility?

A

The number of live births occurring in a population.

48
Q

What is an accurate measure of fertility?

A

Total fertility rate - It takes into account the age and sex distribution of a population.

49
Q

What is the range of total fertility rates in the world?

A

Lowest: 1.3
Highest: 6.0

50
Q

What 4 categories affect fertility?

A
  • Demographic
  • Social / Cultural
  • Economic
  • Political
51
Q

Define demographic.

A

Relating to structure of populations.

52
Q

How do demographic factors influence fertility?

A
  • Child mortality rates -> May need to have many children in order for one to survive
  • Other population factors
53
Q

How do social / cultural factors influence fertility?

A
  • Tradition -> May demand many children (particularly in Africa)
  • Education -> Female literacy is the key to lower fertility
  • Religion -> May encourage children
54
Q

How do economic factors influence fertility?

A
  • In LEDCs -> Children are seen as economic asset

* In MEDCs -> Children are seen as a cost

55
Q

How do political factors influence fertility?

A

• Governments may want to change population growth for economic or strategic reasons

56
Q

What is the world average for life expectancy?

A

70 years

57
Q

Where is the highest and lowest life expectancy?

A

Highest: North America - 79 years
Lowest: Africa - 58 years

58
Q

What are the main causes of death in low-income countries?

A
  • Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death
  • But infectious diseases (e.g. HIV) combined result in more deaths
  • Childbirth and pregnancy complications are also significant
59
Q

What are the main causes of death in high-income countries?

A
  • Chronic diseases (e.g. cardiovascular disease) are the leading causes of death
  • Lung infection is the only leading infectious cause of death
60
Q

What are the main causes of death in middle-income countries?

A
  • Chronic diseases (e.g. cardiovascular disease) are the leading causes of death
  • Some infectious diseases are also leading causes
  • Road traffic accidents
61
Q

What are the main differences in causes of death between MEDCs and LEDCs?

A
  • Fewer infectious diseases in MEDCs
  • Fewer problems with childbirth/pregnancy in MEDCs
  • More child mortalities in LEDCs
62
Q

What factors help cause the high rates of infectious disease in developing countries?

A
  • Physical environment
  • Poverty
  • Poor access to healthcare
  • Antibiotic resistance
  • Evolving human migration patterns
  • New infectious agents
63
Q

What are the trends in mortality around the world?

A
  • Generally, it is falling

* In some countries, it is rising due to HIV/AIDS

64
Q

What is happening to the number of deaths caused by HIV/AIDS around the world?

A

Globally, the number is falling (although not in all countries).

65
Q

Where is HIV most common?

A

Sub-Saharan Africa - 69% of cases

66
Q

What are some factors which cause high rates of HIV (in Sub-Saharan Africa)?

A
  • High levels of other sexually transmitted diseases
  • Low status of women
  • Sexual violence
  • High mobility -> Linked to migratory labour systems
  • Ineffective leadership during critical periods in the epidemic’s spread
  • Lack of education
67
Q

What are some of the impacts of HIV/AIDS?

A
  • Worse labour supply -> Fewer people can work
  • Higher dependency ratio
  • Effect on families -> Children and the elderly forced to become carers + Many orphans
  • Poverty -> Results in a cycle of poverty and HIV
68
Q

How does population affect GDP per head?

A

GDP per head is highest when there is an optimum population size.

69
Q

What are some indicators that the population is pushing the limits of the Earth’s resources?

A
  • 1/4 of the world’s children have protein-energy malnutrition
  • Long term trend for grain production per person is falling
  • Water scarcity affects every continent and 4 out of every 10 people in the world
70
Q

What are some indicators of population pressure (i.e. overpopulation) in the Netherlands and the UK?

A
  • Intense competition for land
  • Heavy traffic congestion
  • High house prices
  • Pressure on water resources
71
Q

Give examples of 2 densely populated countries in Europe.

A
  • The Netherlands

* UK

72
Q

Give examples of 2 sparsely populated countries.

A
  • Australia

* Canada

73
Q

Give examples of 2 densely populated developing countries.

A
  • China

* Bangladesh

74
Q

How have Canada and Australia responded to immigrants and why?

A
  • Historically, they welcomed immigrants -> Due to wanting to reach optimum population
  • Recently, they are more selective in terms of immigration -> Due to economic uncertainty
75
Q

Are Canada and Australia as underpopulated as they might seem?

A

No, because they have large areas of inhospitable landscape.

76
Q

What is China’s current population?

A

Over 1.3 billion

77
Q

Which country has the world’s most severe anti-natalist policy?

A

China - with its “one-child policy”

78
Q

Describe the history of China’s population policies.

A
  • After communist revolution in 1949 and before the 1979s, China had periods where it encouraged population growth and periods where it tried to reduce it
  • One-child policy was introduced in 1979
79
Q

What was the motivation for the one-child policy in China?

A

The imbalance between population and resources.

80
Q

Where in China has the one-child policy been effective and ineffective?

A
  • Effective in urban areas -> Due to weaker social norms for wanting a male heir
  • Less effective in rural areas -> Due to stronger social norms for wanting a male heir -> Policy has been relaxed in many rural areas
81
Q

What has happened to the one-child policy in China?

A
  • It was relaxed in many rural areas, allowing 2 children

* Increasing debate about the policy recently

82
Q

What were the positive and negative effects of the one-child policy in China?

A

POS.
• Reduced the birth rate considerably
NEG.
• Impact on sex ratio -> More men than women (32 million men than women under 20)
• Encouraged ageing population -> High dependency ratio

83
Q

Was the one-child policy China’s first attempt at population control?

A

No, they had tried before the 1970s

84
Q

What is happening to the number of countries with a pro-natalist policies?

A

It is growing.

85
Q

What concerns might encourage a country to take up a pro-natalist policy?

A
  • Socioeconomic implications of population ageing
  • Decrease in labour supply
  • Long-term prospect of population decline
86
Q

Give an example of a country with a pro-natalist policy.

A

France

87
Q

When did France begin its pro-natalist movement and what was it called?

A

1939 - Code de la Famille

88
Q

How has France attempt to encourage population growth?

A
  • Longer maternity and paternity leave
  • Higher child benefits
  • Improved tax allowances for larger families
  • Preferential treatment of families in housing allocation

In general, France is trying to reduce the economic cost of having children in order to encourage parents to have children.

89
Q

What is France’s total fertility rate?

A

2.0

90
Q

Define replacement level.

A
  • The total fertility rate required in order for a population to replace itself exactly without migration
  • It is roughly 2.1 children per woman
91
Q

Give some examples countries in stage 1 of the DTM.

A

No countries, just tribes, such as rainforest tribes.

92
Q

Give some examples countries in stage 2 of the DTM.

A

Most Sub-Saharan countries -> Chad

93
Q

Give some examples countries in stage 3 of the DTM.

A

Most LEDCs -> India, Brazil

94
Q

Give some examples countries in stage 4 of the DTM.

A

Most MEDCs -> UK, USA

95
Q

Give some examples countries in stage 5 of the DTM.

A

Germany, Italy, Japan

96
Q

What are some reasons for recent rapid population growth?

A
  • Improved medical care
  • Improved sanitation and water supply
  • Improvements in food production
  • Improved transport -> Moving doctors, etc.

Geography (20 decks)

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