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Geography > Theme 1 - 1.2 - Migration > Flashcards

Theme 1 - 1.2 - Migration Flashcards

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1
Q

Define migration.

A

The movement of people across a specified boundary, national or international, to establish a new permanent place of residence.

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2
Q

Define push factors.

A

Negative conditions at the point of origin which encourage or force people to move.

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3
Q

Define pull factors.

A

Positive conditions at the point of destination, which encourage people to migrate.

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4
Q

Define refugees.

A

People forced to flee their homes due to human or environmental factors and who cross an international border into another country.

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5
Q

Define internally displaced people.

A

People who are forced to flee their homes due to human or environmental factors who remain in the same country.

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6
Q

Define rural-to-urban migration.

A

The movement of significant numbers of people from the countryside to towns and cities.

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7
Q

Define remittances.

A

Money sent back by migrants to their families in their home communities.

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8
Q

Name some push factors of a place.

A
  • Natural disasters
  • Adverse climate
  • Poor employment / Low income
  • Housing shortages / Poor living conditions
  • Intolerance
  • Sudden social change
  • Crime / Violence
  • Poor services and education
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9
Q

Name some pull factors of a place.

A
  • Attractive environment
  • Better employment / High income
  • Improved housing / Good living conditions
  • Tolerance
  • Political stability
  • Safety
  • Good services and education
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10
Q

What is voluntary migration?

A

When the individual has free choice about whether to migrate or not.

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11
Q

What is involuntary migration?

A

When an individual has to move against their will.

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12
Q

Give some reasons why involuntary migration might happen.

A
  • Discrimination
  • War
  • Natural disasters
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13
Q

Give some examples of involuntary migration.

A
  • Forcible movement of people from Yugoslavia as part of “ethnic cleansing”
  • Mass migration from Ethiopia during times of famine
  • Migration from Rwanda to Tanzania during the Tutsi-Hutu genocide
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14
Q

Give an example of a war which has produced both refugees and internally displaced people.

A

The Syrian conflict.

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15
Q

What is the difference between a refugee and an internally displaced person?

A

A refugee is someone who has crossed international frontiers while fleeing, whereas an internally displaced person is someone who has moved within their own country.

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16
Q

Give some examples of internal displacement of people.

A
  • Syrian conflict

* Pakistan floods

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17
Q

How many people were forcibly displaced in 2012?

A

42.5 million (including 15.4 million refugees)

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18
Q

What is the difference between emigration and immigration?

A

Immigration is migration INTO a country, whereas emigration is migration OUT of a country.

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19
Q

How many people in the world live outside their country of birth?

A

About 213 million

20
Q

What are the trends associated with migration?

A

Migration is increasing. It doubled in the 25 years from 1985 to 2010.

21
Q

Give some reasons for the increase in migration.

A
  • Globalisation -> People more aware of opportunities abroad

* Better and cheaper transport and communication

22
Q

What is happening at a higher level, internal migration or international migration?

A

Internal migration

23
Q

In what direction does most internal migration happen and why?

A

From poorer regions to richer regions -> People seek employment and higher standards of living

24
Q

In less developed countries, from which regions to which regions does internal migration occur?

A

Rural to urban

25
Q

When did developed countries have high rural-to-urban migration?

A

19th century and early 20th century

26
Q

When did less developed countries have high rural-to-urban migration?

A

Since the 1950s

27
Q

Give some examples of cities recently affected by rural-to-urban migration.

A
  • Cairo
  • Nairobi
  • Dhaka
28
Q

Where is/was the largest ever rural-to-urban migration and why is it happening?

A
  • China
  • 150 million people
  • Moving to satisfy the demand for workers in factories
29
Q

Describe the trends relating to redistribution of population in developed countries.

A
  • Urbanisation -> From late 18th century to 1970

* Counterurbanisation -> From 1970 to present

30
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

An increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas.

31
Q

What is the by-product of urbanisation?

A

Depopulation of rural areas

32
Q

What is depopulation?

A

An absolute decline in the population of an area, usually due to a high level of out-migration.

33
Q

What is counterurbanisation?

A

The process of population decentralisation as people move from large urban areas to smaller urban settlements and rural areas.

34
Q

Why do people move migrate from urban to rural areas?

A

Generally to seek a better quality of life by getting away from the problems of large cities.

35
Q

What are some rural push factors (in rural-to-urban migration)?

A
  • Lack of employment -> Due to mechanisation
  • Pressure on land (e.g. small division per son)
  • Some families don’t own any land
  • Starvation -> Crop failure, etc.
  • Limited agricultural produce due to soil erosion, etc.
  • Extreme physical conditions -> Mountains, heat, etc.
  • Farming is strenuous with little pay
  • Local communities may be forced to move (e.g. Amazon Ameridians)
  • Lack of services
  • Lack of government investment
36
Q

What are some urban pull factors (in rural-to-urban migration)?

A
  • Better paid jobs
  • Better housing and quality of life
  • Better services and education
  • People attracted to “bright lights”
  • More reliable food sources
37
Q

Are immigration and emigration the same as in-migration and out-migration?

A

No
• Immigration and emigration are used for movement across international borders
• In-migration and out-migration are used for movements within a country

38
Q

What are some positive impacts of international migration on the country of origin?

A
  • Remittances -> Source of income
  • Less unemployment and underemployment
  • Reduced pressure on health and education services and on housing
  • Return migrants bring new skills, ideas and money back into community
39
Q

What are some negative impacts of international migration on the country of origin?

A
  • Loss of young adults who have skills -> E.g. doctors, teachers, engineers, etc.
  • Ageing population due to young people leaving
  • Agricultural output suffers -> Lack of labour force
  • Returning migrants may question traditional values, causing divisions
40
Q

What are some positive impacts of international migration on the country of destination?

A
  • Increase in pool of labour -> Reduced cost of labour for businesses + reduced inflation
  • Migrants may bring important skills
  • Increased cultural diversity -> Enriching
  • Reduced rate of ageing population due to young migrants arriving
41
Q

What are some negative impacts of international migration on the country of destination?

A
  • Migrants may be perceived as taking jobs from long-established populations
  • Increased pressure on housing, education and healthcare
  • Change in ethnic balance can cause tension
  • Negative Impact of large population on environment
42
Q

What are some positive impacts of international migration on the migrants themselves?

A
  • Higher wages
  • Wider choice of jobs
  • Opportunity to develop new skills
  • Can support family through remittances
  • Sometimes learn a new language
43
Q

What are some negative impacts of international migration on the migrants themselves?

A
  • Financial cost of migration
  • Separation from family and friends
  • Problems settling into new culture (assimilation)
  • Migrants can be exploited by unfair employers
  • Some migration journeys are dangerous
44
Q

What was the total amount of remittances sent back to developing countries in 2012?

A

400 billion dollars

45
Q

How do remittances help developing countries?

A

The money flows into:
• Alleviating poverty
• Spurring investment and creating a multiplier effect

46
Q

Which places are the largest sources of remittances in the world?

A
  • USA
  • Western Europe
  • Persian Gulf
47
Q

Which places are the top recipients of remittances in the world?

A
  • India
  • China
  • The Philippines
  • Mexico

Geography (20 decks)

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