theme 3 Flashcards
Maritime boarder
A boarder between two countries separated by a sea or ocean
Political geography
The study of the political organization of the planet. The change in countries that make up the world.
Ex. Boarders between countries
Government
The leadership and institution that makes policy decisions for a country
politics
The debate over who is to be in power in a country’s governemnet
territoriality
efforts to control pieces of the earth politically and socially.
the rules of expansion of a country depends on the values of the government. The leader will act within the rules of their society.
Political culture
The collection of political beliefs values practices and institutions that the government is based on.
Boundaries
the invisible lines that mark the extent of a state’s territory and the control that its leaders have.
frontiers
a geological state where no government exercises power.
physical boundary
A border based on the physical features in an area. For example a range of mountains separating two nations.
Median-line principal
Cultural Boundaries
The boundaries occasionally set between some states due to ethnic differences, especially those set by language and or religion.
Balkinization
In Yugoslavia, the Balkan people were united however they separated into much smaller countries based around many small ethnicities within Balkans.
Shatter belts
The tendency for large physical boundaries like mountains to cause a separation within a country, of different ethnicities.
Geometric boundary
the boundaries drawn to separate areas after a war for example north and south Korea
territorial morphology
The description of the shapes sizes and relative locations of states.
compact states
an area in which the distance from the center to any boundary is about the same
prorupted states
a states that is compact except for a large extension in order to reach a natural resource such as a river.
elongated states
states that have a long narrow state such as chile. Chile is in between the Andes mountains and the pacific ocean.
fragmented states
states that have several discontinuous pieces of territory.
perforated states
a state that completely surrounds another state. For example
exclaves
small bits of territory that lie on coasts separated from the state by the territory of another state.
Enclaves
landlocked states within another country and totally surrounded by that country.
vatican city
microstates
countries with a land space of just a few square miles
landlocked states
sates that lack ocean frontage and surrounded by other states
have a disadvantage because harder to trade and cannot fish or have a foreign port.
Sovereignty
Boundaries represent the countries ability to carry out actions or policies within the boarders.
boundary disputes
positional disputes - debate between states on where the boarder actually is
territorial disputes- arises over ownership of a region, usually around mutual boarders. conflict arises when one state wants to annex a territory that has a population of people ethnically similar to them.
resource disputes - disputes regarding natural resources such as mineral deposits, fertile farmland , or rich fishing groups
functional disputes- when sates cannot agree on the policies that apply in a border area.
institution
a stable organization that argues for a certain type of policy to be enforced, for example political parties
binational state
a state that contains more than one nation. Ex. soviet union
stateless nation
people without a state
ex. kurdish people
core areas
the areas in which nation states expand from and only stop when the terriotory of other nations interferes.
ex. paris in france
tokyo in japan
periphery
the outlying areas of the nation state farthest from the core areas.
multicore states
states that have multiple core areas which can cause differences in religion
primate states
the capital city is the primate city of a country that does not have any other cities that come close to rivaling the capital
forward capital
if the capital city serves as a model for national objectives like economic
Example: japan moved it’s capital from Kyoto to Tokyo because Tokyo is more of a center for economic and social development.
electoral geography
the study of how how spatial configuration effects social and political affairs in a democratic area.
gerrymandering
the process of a political power or party manipulating borders to gain support of one party or class.
minority/majority districting
a different type of gerrymandering
unitary system
concentrates all policy making powers in one central geographic place
a central government in a capital city that stretches the limits of the state
confederal system
spreads power among many sub units ( like states) and has a weak central government.
most attempts at this have not been long lasting
federal system
divides power between central government and sub-units
ex. United states , Canada and Australia
devolution
the transfer of some important powers from the central governemnt to sub governemnt
international organizations
organizations that require countries to abide by their rules/alter something about their country in order to join.
ex. Joining the EU requires adapting the euro.
centripetal forces
bind together the people of a state giving it strength
ex. Nationalism is a form of this
centrifugal forces
oppose centripital forces
destabalize the government and encourage the country to fall apart
separtists movements
when nationalities within a country try to demand independence
devolution is a reaction to this
ethnic group
groups of people who share ethnicities within a country
ethnonationalism
the tendency for an ethnic group to see itself as a distinct nation within the nation state
economic forces
the areas of a country that differ in economic prosperity
spatial forces
spatiality devolutionary events most often occur on the margins of the state. distance remoteness and peripheral location promote devolution especially if a natural land form physically separates separates those areas from the center power.
the rimland theory
monetary policy
control of the money supply
brexit
britain left eu
command economies
the older societies with socialism centralized planning and state ownership
mixed economies
allows for significant control of central government
fragmentation
division based on ethnic or cultural identity
politicization of religion
the use of politics to support religion and vice versa
superimposed borders
borders imposed by empirial powers
subsequent borders
boarders imposed based on ethnic linguistic, religious, and economic differences
antecedent borders
borders drawn before the current large population or ethnic population of a place was formed
consequent border
when a border coincides with the cultural boundaries
