Theme 2 Flashcards
Demography
The study of population. places, people, events
ex: age, sex education, nationality, ethnicity ect.
Population geography
focuses on the number, composition and distribution of human beings on the earth’s surface.
ex:
Distribution
the arrangement of locations on the earth’s surface where people live.
Dot map
is used to display population on a map, each dot representing a certain amount of people.
Population Density
The number of people that live in area.
Arithmetic density
A total number of people divided by total land area
ex: USA’s arithmetic density is 32 people per square kilometer.
Physiological population density
divides the amount people by square kilometers of land suited for agriculture. Determines the pressure that will be put on the land to produce food.
ex. Egypt is mostly desert which puts lots of pressure on the arable land causing the country to have a high physiological density.
Agriculture density
average land farmed by each farmer
ex: more developed countries have lower agricultural density.
Overpopulation
too many people for the land to support.
Carrying capacity
the number of people an area of land can support
sustainability
the principal that everything humans need for their survival and well-being depends on our natural environment
Crude birth rate
of people born in a year per 1000 people
CDR drude death rate
of people die in a year per 1000 people
NIR natural increase rate or (CBR_CDR)
percent population increase per year
equation :CBR-CDR=NIR
IMR(infant mortality rate)
infants who die per 1000 infants
TFR(total fertility rate)
average # of children a woman chooses to have
Doubling time
The time it takes to double an areas population
Population Pyramid
a way to analyze population that represents age and sex composition. The shape differs depending on the distribution of males and females at each age level.
ex: A population pyramid from Afghanistan starts out wide at the bottom to represent the age group of 0-5 and the pyramid gets narrower as the age gets higher.
Agriculture revolution
The advancement of agriculture technology that allowed larger populations to survive because there was more food.
Industrial Revolution
In the early 1800s to 1900s brought major improvements in technology that created an unprecedented amount of wealth.
Zero population growth
A goal of leveling the worlds population so it is able to sustain all of it’s inhabitants .
Thomas Malthus
first person to note that the worlds population was growing faster than the food Supply needed to sustain it.
Exponential growth vs. linear growth( geometric rate vs arithmetic rate)
Malthus used this to support his theory. Population grows at a geometric rate while food supplies grows at a arithmetic rate.
Neo-Malthusians
People that believe over population will lead to resource depletion or environmental degradation to a degree that is not sustainable.
Created programs around the world that limit population by birth control and family planning.
Life expectancy
Demographic transition Model
Helps explain the rising and falling of a country’s natural increase rate over time
- 5 stages
- includes death rate birth rate Natural decrease, natural increase, total population
stage 1 of demograohic transition model
High CBR high CDR
Low
stages 2
High CBR, dropping morderate CDR, moderate NIR (high-moderate= significant growth)
stage 3
dropping moderate CBR, Low CDR, moderate NIR
- birth rates start declining rapidly
population still growing US hit stage in early 20th century.
stage 4
low CBR , Low CDR low/zero NIR (low-low/no growth)
- maybe hit zero population growth
-TFR around 2.1 leads to no population change
- most increases in population come from immigration.
Stage 5
very low Cbr low cdr negative NIR (very low-low =negative growth aka shrinking population
-countries with good health care
china one child policy
Neolithic revolution
Larger and more stable food sources so more people survived.
Population explosion
When more resources became available to more people the population exploded in 1750-1800
AIDS
A disease that began in central Africa during late 20th century. An example of how globalization created risk for diseases.
Pandemic
The fear that spread across the world of a large spread of a disease
Restrictive population policies
Policies governments have put in place to influence the growth of their population
Spatial interaction
China’s population policies
The
circulation
The process of people moving within a small space.
For example: home to work
school to home
Spatial interaction
A broad term for the movement of peoples ideas, and commodities within and between areas
ex: transportation of manufactured goods between areas
The demographic equation
Summarizes the change over time in an area by combining natural change with net migration
international migration
movement of people between countries
Step migration
The different steps of a person’s movement over time
ex: a family moving towns, then later to a city
Intervening opportunity
The motivation between a person’s movement to another place.
gravity model
the inverse relationship between the volume of migration and between source and destination
ex: volume in which goods/people flow between two places.
critical distance
the distance beyond which cost , effort and means strongly influence a person’s willingness to travel.
push factor
encourages people to move from the region
ex: war
pull factor
attracts people to a region
ex: booming job market
disease
avoiding disease has influenced migration choices.
intervening obstacles
environmental factors that disrupt or slow or halt migration
Interregional migration
a type of internal migration that occurs between regions
ex: rural to urban areas
intraregional
a type of internal migration that occurs within one region
forced migration
involuntary
international migration , migrant does not choose whether to move or not
voluntary migration
international migration migrant chooses to move
out migration
places that have higher emigrates than immigrates
ex: asia , latin america, and africa
in-migration
more people immigrate to a place than emigrate out of a place.
ex: north america, europe, oceania
