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geography wjec > theme 1.1.1 - what makes landscapes distinctive in wales? > Flashcards

theme 1.1.1 - what makes landscapes distinctive in wales? Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a landscape?

A

a part of the earth’s surface that can be viewed at one time from one place. it consists of geographic features that mark, or are characteristic of a particular area.

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2
Q

what is an upland?

A

a landscape that is hilly or mountainous.

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3
Q

what is a lowland?

A

an area of land that is lower than the land around it.

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4
Q

name the factors making a welsh landscape distinctive.

A
  • land use
  • culture
  • geology
  • vegetation
  • land height
  • coastal/inland
  • natural processes
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5
Q

name the three national parks in wales.

A
  • pembrokeshire coast national park
  • snowdonia national park
  • brecon beacons national park
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6
Q

name the factors of the welsh geological landscape.

A
  • diverse upland landscape shaped by volcanic eruptions and extensive glaciation
  • glacial features such as carries, u-shaped valleys and arétes
  • mountain ranges that drop quickly to the sea
  • contains the highest mountain in wales - snowdon.
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7
Q

what are the features of land use in wales?

A
  • the landscape in many areas has been shaped by slate mining
  • large areas of mainly pastoral agriculture and forestry
  • national park status that attracts thousands of tourists. les to the growth of b&bs, camp sites and tourist facilities.
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8
Q

what are the features of vegetation in wales?

A
  • diverse range of plant and animal life due to varied physical environments
  • unique and rare species, eg. snowdon lily and snowdon beetle
  • large areas of natural mixed deciduous forest and planted coniferous trees often harvested
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9
Q

what are the features of the people and culture in wales?

A
  • snowdonia has a rich cultural history with many world heritage sites, including celtic shrines and fortresses
  • welsh language widely spoken
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10
Q

what is a feature?

A

a specific part of the landscape that can be from either a human or physical environment.

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11
Q

what is a landform?

A

a feature of the earth’s surface that is part of the land, eg. mountains.

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12
Q

name some physical features of the pembrokeshire national park.

A
  • distinctive headlands eroded by waves and hydraulic action, eg. green bridge
  • bays give pembrokeshire a distinctive shape due to erosion. geology is limestone cliffs, eg. st govern’s head.
  • pembrokeshire islands five the national park and have been historically inhabited.
  • bosherston lakes are kept by a plateau of limestone, giving beautiful lily-pad areas attractive to visitors.
  • waves and coves eroded by wave action on the coast.
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13
Q

name some human features of the pembrokeshire coast national park.

A
  • st. davids is one of 163 campsites in the park as the land use is tourism
  • small tourist led towns and villages, around 200,000 visit a year, boosting the economy
  • farming (trehill farm) shows diversification as they have campsites and sell directly
  • oil refinery employing 700 people with it’s own port, pembrokeshire dock
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14
Q

what is a process?

A

the actions that occur within a river including erosion, transportation and deposition.

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15
Q

what is given to a river the moment water begins to flow over the surface of land?

A

gravity

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16
Q

what does water have in it’s river channel?

A

energy

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17
Q

what is the term for the speed in a river?

A

velocity

18
Q

what three processes occur in the river?

A

erosion, transportation and deposition

19
Q

the faster the river flows, the more what does the river have?

A

energy

20
Q

what is most of the river’s energy used to overcome?

A

friction

21
Q

if there is lots of friction, what happens to the river?

A

it moves slowly

22
Q

what does a river channel look like close to the source?

A
  • shallow

- slower flow

23
Q

what does a river channel look like close to the mouth?

A
  • deeper

- faster flow

24
Q

what is hydraulic action?

A

sheer force of the water pushing air into gaps causing rocks to crack.

25
Q

what is abrasion?

A

when stones are carried by the river and wear away at the bed and banks.

26
Q

what is attrition?

A

when stones knock into each other and break into smaller, smoother and rounder particles.

27
Q

what is solution?

A

when the water dissolves rocks like limestone.

28
Q

name the four types of erosion.

A
  • hydraulic action
  • abrasion
  • attrition
  • solution
29
Q

name the four types of transportation.

A
  • traction
  • saltation
  • suspension
  • solution
30
Q

what is traction?

A

large stones rolled along the bottom.

31
Q

what is saltation?

A

pebbles bounced along the bottom

32
Q

what is suspension?

A

a very fine mud carried by the river.

33
Q

what is solution?

A

dissolved limestone in the water.

34
Q

describe the formation of a v-shaped valley.

A
  • hydraulic action causes water to get into small cracks and breaks down the sides of the river valley
  • abrasion occurs when the riverbeds and banks are eroded by the load hitting against them
  • solution occurs when water dissolves minerals from the rocks and washes them away
  • weathering occurs on the valley sides
  • as it eroded downwards, freeze-thaw weathering occurs, loosening rocks and steepening the valley sides
  • the gravity causes mass movement of the broken rock into the river. these rocks assist in the process of abrasion
  • the channel widens creating a v-shaped valley between interlocking spurs
35
Q

explain the formation of a waterfall.

A
  • river flows over bands of hard and soft rock
  • soft rock is eroded quickly by hydraulic action, abrasion and solution
  • when it is undercut, the hard rock hangs over the soft rock, forming an overhang
  • overhang falls due to lack of support and gravity
  • swirled down into the river causing a deep plunge pool. soft rock is eroded vertically and laterally by abrasion
  • plunge pool deeps during times of high discharge when hydraulic action is most powerful
  • this repeats, causing the waterfall to gradually retreat
  • a gorge is formed as the waterfall cuts back
36
Q

what is an interlocking spur?

A
  • hill that a river meanders around in a v-shaped valley. when viewed from downstream, they appear locked together
37
Q

what is a gorge?

A

a steep sided, narrow valley commonly found below a waterfall.

38
Q

what is a plunge pool?

A

the pool of water found at the bottom of the waterfall. erosional feature created by hydraulic action and abrasion.

39
Q

what is discharge?

A

the volume of water in a river passing a point in given time.

40
Q

how does a meander form?

A
  • the river erodes laterally, causing large bends and loops named meanders
  • these form due to deposition and erosion migrating downstream
  • hydraulic action and abrasion undercuts the river bank on the outside because it has the most energy due to lack of friction. this forms a river cliff
  • on the outside bend the flow is slower, material is deposited and a slip-off slope is made
  • transportation occurs when the river has lots of energy, through saltation and suspension
  • the river breaks through the bends cutting off them. this forms an oxbow lake
41
Q

describe the formation of a floodplain.

A
  • the meander erodes away any high points leaving flat valley floor
  • when the river bursts its banks the area is covered in water
  • floodplains are wide due to erosion and deposition. it is a wide flat area, during floods material is deposited and the height of the floodplain increases
42
Q

what are floodplains usually used for?

A

agricultural land as the area is fertile because alluvium is deposited from the river.

geography wjec (7 decks)

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