Theme 1

Question 1

Opisokonts

Answer 1

Animals

Fungi(2)

Question 2

Achaeplastids

Answer 2

Red algae

Green algae

Question 3

what makes a eukaryote

Answer 3

Cytoskeleton
Endomembrane system
Primary genome of multiple liner chromosomes
80s ribosomes
Mitochondria
Plastids(algae/plants)
Sexual repro

Question 4

Cytoskeleton

Answer 4

Skeleton inside the cell
Gives support
Allows the cell to move/change shape
Microtubules, microfilaments,intermediate filaments

Question 5

Microtubules

Cystoskeleton

Answer 5

Hollow tube formed from tubulin dimers

-attaches to centromere mitosis meiosis

Question 6

Microfilaments

Cytoskeleton

Answer 6

Double helix of actin monomers

Actin filaments help give the cell shape and transport protien within the cell

Question 7

Intermediate filaments (cytoskeleton)

Answer 7

An intermediate filament is a strong fiber made of intermiediate filament protiens
Structural ridgitiy

Question 8

Cilia and flagella

Answer 8

Can move, powered by microtubules

Cross section of cilium has a 9+2 2inside + 9outside microtubule arrangement

Question 9

Difference between prokaryote and eukaryote cytoskeletons

Answer 9

Eukaryote cytoskeleton can move and change

Question 10

What is the endomembrame system

Answer 10

The endomembrane system is composed of a number of inter-related membrane sacs within the cytoplasm of the cell.
Gives eukaryotes complexity

Question 11

Prokaryote nucleus is actually a

Answer 11

Nucleoid

No membranes inside the cell

Question 12

Nucleus-animals

Answer 12

Genetic info

Rna synthesis

Question 13

Mitochondria-animal

Answer 13

Atp of the cell

Energy currency

Question 14

Plasma membrane - animal

Answer 14

Phospholipids and protiens, regulates passage in and out of the cell

Question 15

Cytoskeleton -animal

Answer 15

Network of protein laments and other associated proteins that provide the cell with an internal structural framework

Question 16

Endoplasmic rectilium- animal

Answer 16

Protien and lipid synthesis

Ribosomes

Question 17

Lysosome-animal cell

Answer 17

Degrade macromolecules

Question 18

Vacuoles

Answer 18

Storage bubbles

Question 19

Golgi apparatus- animal cell

Answer 19

Lots of SA

Modifies and sorts proteins and lipids as they move to their final destination in or out of the cell

Question 20

Mitochondria endosymbiotic origins

Answer 20

Alpha proteobacterial endosymbiont
One organism engulfed another and are living in symbiosis
The bacteria-undergoes oxidative phosphorylation inside the old eukaryote cell- now the mitochondria

Question 21

Plastids came from..

Answer 21

Cyanobacteria (blue-green) algae endosymbiont

Question 22

Evidence for endosymbiotic origins

Answer 22

• circular dna
• independent fission
• size
• double membrane-another engulf
• certain protiens specific to bacterial cell membrane are also in mito/chloro membranes
• 70s ribosomes
• prokaryote dna in eukaryote genome

Question 23

Cyanobacteria, great oxygenation event

Answer 23

Billion yrs after cyanobacteria start making O2
High o2 levels oxidative phosphorylation ~~> drive oxygen into –> large organism
Mitochond and aerobic resp then multicellularity

Question 24

Origins of multicell life theories

Answer 24

Symbiotic theory
Syncytial theory
Colonial theory

Cell cell adhesion is required for multicell lifetime

Question 25

Symbiotic theory for multicellularity

Answer 25

Cells with different abilities work together, then join | Problem: how would they all have a similar genome

Question 26

Syncytial theory for multicellularity

Answer 26

Single organism Divides into different genomes --> becomes multicell Problem-- we have never seen this

Question 27

Colonial theory for multicellularity

Answer 27

Cell-cell adhesion | Read about this theory because wtf notes

Question 28

Selective advantages of multicellularity

Answer 28

Division of labour and economy of scale Increased size Complexity-good for competition -predator/prey and host/parasite interactions -increased opportunity for diversity in form/function and niches -light sensing as example

Question 29

Most unicellular organisms use phagocytosis to

Answer 29

Get energy But can only consume things smaller than its self, meaning it can only get so big Easy to eat

Question 30

Advatages of increased size- multicellularity

Answer 30

``` Avoid predation/ eat larger things Exploit new environments Storage-lipid cells Increased feeding opportunites Protected internal environment New metabolic functions-create heat through metabolism Enhanced motility-tissues dedicated to moving Increased traction in current/wind Reach upwards(photosynthesis) Share info with other cells ```

Question 31

Light sensing

Answer 31

Cyanobacteria-absorb and detect light using a chromophore, initiates other reactions but cant move directly towards light Plants/marine rag worm- pigment cell adds directionality when light detected Vertebrate eye- brigtness,direction, shape,color, movement

Question 32

Challenges of multicellularity and largeness (SA/V)

Answer 32

As organisms get large SA/V decreases -limits prokaryote size, who rely on cell membrane alone for transport and atp -limits eukaryotes even though they have mitochondria and endomembrame system since they must create structures to allow exchange and rapid transport (Lungs/ leaves)

Question 33

Why dont prokaryotes become large?

Answer 33

No selective pressure Good strategy Weaker cytoskeleton

Question 34

Challenges of being multicell and large

Answer 34

- Intercellular communication - cell adhesion - structure and support - homeostasis - reproduction and growth

Question 35

How do multicellular organisms solve the problem of intercellular communication?

Answer 35

- diffusion - gap juntions-protien link between cells - plasmodesmata- in plants - bulk flow- mass movement of solutions and their content over long distances - nerves- rapid communication over long distances

Question 36

How do multicellular organism solve the challenge of structure and support?

Answer 36

Change in body dimensions

Question 37

How do multicellular organism solve the challenge of homeostasis?

Answer 37

Defend cells against hostile environment

Question 38

Eukaryote

Answer 38

Animals Fungi Plants Othera