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Biol 371 > Theme 1 > Flashcards

Theme 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Opisokonts

A

Animals

Fungi(2)

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2
Q

Achaeplastids

A

Red algae

Green algae

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3
Q

what makes a eukaryote

A 
Cytoskeleton
Endomembrane system
Primary genome of multiple liner chromosomes
80s ribosomes
Mitochondria
Plastids(algae/plants)
Sexual repro
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4
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Skeleton inside the cell
Gives support
Allows the cell to move/change shape
Microtubules, microfilaments,intermediate filaments

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5
Q

Microtubules

Cystoskeleton

A

Hollow tube formed from tubulin dimers

-attaches to centromere mitosis meiosis

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6
Q

Microfilaments

Cytoskeleton

A

Double helix of actin monomers

Actin filaments help give the cell shape and transport protien within the cell

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7
Q

Intermediate filaments (cytoskeleton)

A

An intermediate filament is a strong fiber made of intermiediate filament protiens
Structural ridgitiy

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8
Q

Cilia and flagella

A

Can move, powered by microtubules

Cross section of cilium has a 9+2 2inside + 9outside microtubule arrangement

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9
Q

Difference between prokaryote and eukaryote cytoskeletons

A

Eukaryote cytoskeleton can move and change

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10
Q

What is the endomembrame system

A

The endomembrane system is composed of a number of inter-related membrane sacs within the cytoplasm of the cell.
Gives eukaryotes complexity

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11
Q

Prokaryote nucleus is actually a

A

Nucleoid

No membranes inside the cell

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12
Q

Nucleus-animals

A

Genetic info

Rna synthesis

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13
Q

Mitochondria-animal

A

Atp of the cell

Energy currency

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14
Q

Plasma membrane - animal

A

Phospholipids and protiens, regulates passage in and out of the cell

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15
Q

Cytoskeleton -animal

A

Network of protein laments and other associated proteins that provide the cell with an internal structural framework

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16
Q

Endoplasmic rectilium- animal

A

Protien and lipid synthesis

Ribosomes

17
Q

Lysosome-animal cell

A

Degrade macromolecules

18
Q

Vacuoles

A

Storage bubbles

19
Q

Golgi apparatus- animal cell

A

Lots of SA

Modifies and sorts proteins and lipids as they move to their final destination in or out of the cell

20
Q

Mitochondria endosymbiotic origins

A

Alpha proteobacterial endosymbiont
One organism engulfed another and are living in symbiosis
The bacteria-undergoes oxidative phosphorylation inside the old eukaryote cell- now the mitochondria

21
Q

Plastids came from..

A

Cyanobacteria (blue-green) algae endosymbiont

22
Q

Evidence for endosymbiotic origins

A
  • circular dna
  • independent fission
  • size
  • double membrane-another engulf
  • certain protiens specific to bacterial cell membrane are also in mito/chloro membranes
  • 70s ribosomes
  • prokaryote dna in eukaryote genome
23
Q

Cyanobacteria, great oxygenation event

A

Billion yrs after cyanobacteria start making O2
High o2 levels oxidative phosphorylation ~~> drive oxygen into –> large organism
Mitochond and aerobic resp then multicellularity

24
Q

Origins of multicell life theories

A

Symbiotic theory
Syncytial theory
Colonial theory

Cell cell adhesion is required for multicell lifetime

25
Q

Symbiotic theory for multicellularity

A

Cells with different abilities work together, then join

Problem: how would they all have a similar genome

26
Q

Syncytial theory for multicellularity

A

Single organism
Divides into different genomes –> becomes multicell
Problem– we have never seen this

27
Q

Colonial theory for multicellularity

A

Cell-cell adhesion

Read about this theory because wtf notes

28
Q

Selective advantages of multicellularity

A

Division of labour and economy of scale
Increased size
Complexity-good for competition
-predator/prey and host/parasite interactions
-increased opportunity for diversity in form/function and niches
-light sensing as example

29
Q

Most unicellular organisms use phagocytosis to

A

Get energy
But can only consume things smaller than its self, meaning it can only get so big
Easy to eat

30
Q

Advatages of increased size- multicellularity

A 
Avoid predation/ eat larger things
Exploit new environments
Storage-lipid cells
Increased feeding opportunites
Protected internal environment 
New metabolic functions-create heat through metabolism
Enhanced motility-tissues dedicated to moving
Increased traction in current/wind
Reach upwards(photosynthesis)
Share info with other cells
31
Q

Light sensing

A

Cyanobacteria-absorb and detect light using a chromophore, initiates other reactions but cant move directly towards light

Plants/marine rag worm- pigment cell adds directionality when light detected

Vertebrate eye- brigtness,direction, shape,color, movement

32
Q

Challenges of multicellularity and largeness (SA/V)

A

As organisms get large SA/V decreases
-limits prokaryote size, who rely on cell membrane alone for transport and atp
-limits eukaryotes even though they have mitochondria and endomembrame system since they must create structures to allow exchange and rapid transport
(Lungs/ leaves)

33
Q

Why dont prokaryotes become large?

A

No selective pressure
Good strategy
Weaker cytoskeleton

34
Q

Challenges of being multicell and large

A
  • Intercellular communication
  • cell adhesion
  • structure and support
  • homeostasis
  • reproduction and growth
35
Q

How do multicellular organisms solve the problem of intercellular communication?

A
  • diffusion
  • gap juntions-protien link between cells
  • plasmodesmata- in plants
  • bulk flow- mass movement of solutions and their content over long distances
  • nerves- rapid communication over long distances
36
Q

How do multicellular organism solve the challenge of structure and support?

A

Change in body dimensions

37
Q

How do multicellular organism solve the challenge of homeostasis?

A

Defend cells against hostile environment

38
Q

Eukaryote

A

Animals
Fungi
Plants
Othera

Biol 371 (6 decks)

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