Amimals(2) Flashcards by Georgina Waldron

Protostomes can be further divided into _____ &______

Lophotrochozoans

Ecdysoszoans

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Lophotrochozoans are?

Protostomes
Some have a trocophore larva
Some have a lophophore feeding structure
We can identify them using molecular evidence or body segmentation (repeating
-chordates, anthropods,earthworms/leeches

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What are ecdyzoans

Extermal cuticle that is shed to grow(ecdysis)
Hard exoskeleton
Diagnostics:
Body segmentation-no longer useful
Molecular evidence

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What is body segmentation?

Used to be used to classify 
Metameric segmentation (repeating)
Chordates/anthropods/earthworms/leeches
Not very useful because it comes and goes
Now use molecular evidence

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What makes protosomes and deuterostomes different?

Protosome-
-spiral cleavage
-schizocoelous coelom
-blastopore forms the mouth first
-determinate cleavage
-ventral,solid nerve cord that surrounds the digestive system anteriorly
Deuterostome-
-radial cleavage
-enterocoelous coelum
-blastopore forms the anus first
-indeterminate cleavage
-dorsal, hollow nerve cord, brain does not surround digestive tract

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What is spiral cleavage?

Top cells rotate to sit on the cracks of the bottom cells

Radial cleavage is when the cells do not rotate but instead sit in line with the bottom cells

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What is the difference between schizocoelous coelum and enterocoelous coelum?

Schizo means split, this coelom splits and is present in protostomes

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What is the difference between determinate cleavage and indeterminate cleavage?

Determinate cleavage means that the cells have a predetermined function, so if one was lost the cells would die
Indeterminate cleavage means that the cells dont have a predetermined function, so if one was lost the cells would be fine and the lost one could make a whole new organism (identical)

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Protosome shows _______ cleavage and deuterostome shows______ cleavage

Protosome shows spiral cleavage and deuterostome shows radial cleavage

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Opistokont

Animal

Chemoheterotropic
No cell wall
Motile
Oxidative phosphoylation
Sense and respond to environment
Diploid stage dominant

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Opistokont diagnostic characteristics

Common set of extracellular matrix molecules (proteoglycan collagen)
Cell-cell membrane junctions~~>
Tight(vertabrate)/septate(invertebrates)
Desmoses-leaky seals
gap junctions-pore for electrical currents/ions

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Some consequences of being mobile

-need muscle
-need senses
-head structure
(Cephalozation)

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Diploblastic

Two tissue layers during development(sponges)

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Tissue layers and symmetry

Ectoderm,mesoderm and endoderm
Diploblastic(radial) have ecto/endoderm
Triploblastic(bilateral) have ecto/meso/endo
See photo

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Ectoderm

Skin

Nervous systerm

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Mesoderm

Bone

Muscle, blood

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Endoderm

Digestive system, respiratory system

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Coelom

Body cavities of bilateria
within the mesoderm
Can be used to grow tissues,hysrostatic skeleton, absorbs shock, fluid transfer
See photo

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A gametophyte is multicellular true or flase

True

A gametophyte makes __ though__

Gametes, mitosis!!

All animals that are radially symetric

Have nerves

Animal developmental patterns

Diploblastic
Zygote~> 8 cell stage~> blastula->gastrula(ectoderm, endoderm, blastopore)

Triploblastic
Zygote->8cell~>blastula->early gastrula->late gastrula(ectoderm,mesoderm,endoderm,blastopore

Bilateria

Protosome

Deuterstome

Protostome development

Determinate-take a cell away it wont survive
Spiral cleavage, sits on the cracks, not lined up
Primative gut
Split coelum
Blastospore develops into mouth first, then anus forms
Ventral-solid nerve cord that surrounds the digestive tract anteriorly

Deuterostome development

Deuce hole forms first-deut Radial cleavage-sits nicely on top Indeterminate-can take away a cell and it will survive Dorsal, hollow nerve cord,brain does not surround digestive tract

Protostomes are further divided into

Lophotrochozoans | Ecdysozans

Lophotrochozoans

Protostome Some have a trocophore larva Some have a lophophore feeding structure Look at animal diversity photo

Ecdysozoans

External cuticle that is shed to grow(ecdysis) Protostomes Look at animal diversity pictures

Phylum porifera

Sponges Asymmetrical Para(beside)zoans- no true tissues Sessile as adults(no nerves,filter feeders)

Phyla ctenophera and cnidia

Radial sym Diploblastic -sea gooseberries(ctenophera) -jellyfish,sea anenomies,coral,hydra (cnidaria)

Body forms of radial animals

Medusa- jellyfish looking | Polyp- sea anenome looking

Cnidocytes and nematocysts f

Harpoon like nematocysts are microscopic,found on skin of cnidarians Contact triggers namatocyst ejection Some can inject toxins into predators or prey The cnidocyte is the cell

Proterostomes and deuterostomes are both

Triploblastic

Proterostomes->lophotrochozoans->

``` Phylums : Platyhelminthes-flat worms Rotifera-crown of cilia for feeding Molluska-clams and stuff- have head/foot Annelida-segmented worms-earhworms,leeches, marine bristiles ```

Phylum platyhelminthes

Flat worm Tubellarian Most of the animal is dedicated to reproduction, dont need a digestive system

Phylum mollusca

``` See photo Head foot Mantle Digestive system Visceral mass* ```

Ecdysoszoans

Protosome External cuticle of chitin protects animal and must be shed(ecdysis) for the animal to grow Phylums: Nematoda-round worms-important in agriculture and medicine Artropoda-largest animal phylum

Arthropoda

``` Ecdysozoan(protostome) Largest animal phylum Arthro(joint) Poda(feet) Exoskeleton,segmented body -insects,spiders,scorpians,crustaceans,centi/millipedes ```

Arthropod traits

Segmented body Head,thorax,abdomen Jointed legs *first animals to go from water to land

Bilaterally sym deutero phylum

Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata

Echinodermata

Deuterstome Bilaterally sym larvae Spiny skin Can regenerate missing parts, sexual and asexual Pentadiate 5 sym adults Water vasculature system, tube feet Starfish, sand dollar, brittle stars,sea cucumber

Hemichordata

``` Bilateral sym, Deuterostome Acorn worms Half chordate Dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal gills Stomocord - stiffens body ```

Phylum chordata

Sub phyla: Urochordata Cephalochordata Vertebrata

Animals evolved as a chronoflagellate like colony t or f

Plants and red/green algae are

Archaeplastida | Their ancestors aquired plastids