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Biol 371 > Samuel 2 > Flashcards

Samuel 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Defining land plant characteristics

A 
Eukaryotes 
Almost all are photo autotrophs
Multicellular
Sessile or stationary
Cell walls
Alternation of generations life cycle
Embryo retained inside gametophyte tissue
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2
Q

Monotropa uniflora

A

Heterotrophic plant that lacks chlorophyll
Can grow jn dark conditions
We often assume that all plants are photoautotrophs
Some plants are completely heterotrophic, living on organic carbon obtained from plants

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3
Q

Plant cells

A

Primary cell wall
Cellulose fibres in matrix of hemicellulose
Rigid but flexible

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4
Q

Plant cell wall structure

A

Cellulose-polymer of glucose
Structural protien
Hemicellulose
Pectin

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5
Q

Cellulose

A

Most abundant organic polymer
Cotton is almost pure cellulose
Hard to degrade

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6
Q

Secondary cell wall

A

Some plant cells have secondary cell wall(xylem, sclerencyma)

  • cellulose fibres anchored with lignin
  • stronger and more ridgid
  • creates water-proof barrier
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7
Q

Plant cell wall provides ridgidity true or false

A

False, it is the turgor pressure from the vaculole pushing against the cell wall

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8
Q

Which endosymbiotic event was first mitochond or plastids?

A

Mito

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9
Q

Hypertonic plant cell

A

Cant be rescued
Water is leaving
Plasmolyzed
Cell shrinks

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10
Q

Hypotonic

A

Turgid
What it is supposed to be
Wall has tensile strength,but the rigidity comes from hydraulic turgor pressure
Vacuoles have higher solute conventration so water comes from outside the cell
Inflating a ballon inside a flexible container filled with water

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11
Q

Isotonic plant cell

A 
Not how it should be
Flaccid
Incipient
Plasmolysis
Green plants
Start drooping
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12
Q

Gametophyte is a haploid t or f

A

True

Gametophyte is the multicellular stage if the haploid generation

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13
Q

Plants have alternation of generations in life cycle

A

Plants can alternate between a haploid and a diploid during a single life cycle
Diplod sporocyte ~> meiosis –> haploid spores–>haploid gametophyte–> haploid gametes–>fertilization–>sporocyte

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14
Q

Plants retain embryo inside gametophyte tissues

A

Following fertilization(embryo remains on the female gametophyte)

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15
Q

Vascular bundles

A

Xylem, phloem, parenchyma cell and fiber cells

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16
Q

Parenchyma

A

Undifferentiated

Make more xylem and phloem

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17
Q

Only the xylem and sclerenchyma have

A

2ndary cell walls

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18
Q

Xylem are the water conducting cells

A

Dead at maturity

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19
Q

Phloem cells transport sugars and other solutes

A

Live cells

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20
Q

The 2nd most abundant polymer id

A

Lignin
-inbetween promary cell was and plasmid
- it is hydrophobic,aromatic
-covalently linked with cell wall polysaccharides
(Hemicellulose)
This all together provides rigidity and strength

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21
Q

Lignin degrades quickly t or f

A

False
Degrades very slowly
Slows fermentation
Biofuels

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22
Q

Non vascular plants

A 
Haploid generation is dominant
Byrophytes
First to appear on land
Lack conducting tissues
Small grow close to the ground on wet sites
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23
Q

Vascular seedless plants

A

Well developed vascular systems
Dont make seeds
Dominant diploid gen
Lycophtes and pterophytes

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24
Q

Vascular seed plants

A

Gym and angis

Diplod gen dominant

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25
Q

Byrophytes non vascular

A 
They are poikilohydric (water variable)
Have little control over internal water content
Do not restrict water loss
When the habitat dried out so do they
Drought tolerators not drought avoiders
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26
Q

Protonema

A

Protonema:spores germinate and produce protonema

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27
Q

Rhizoids

A

Root like structures that help in anchoring

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28
Q

Antheridia

A

Sperm producing gametophyte

29
Q

Archegonia

A

Egg producing gametophyelte

30
Q

Water is required to run the life cycle of a moss

A

Gametophyte is the dominant phase(gamete amplification)
Flagellated sperm swims to egg(dependant on water).
Sporocyte retained on gametophyte
Sporophyte/sporangia produce haploid spores(germinate only in favourable conditions)
Protonema-produces multiple buds and many gametophytes.

31
Q

Moss life cycle: gametangia

A

Produce gametes in shelter
Archegonia-produce eggs
Antheridia-produce sperm

32
Q

Sphagnum moss

A

Can store water in their cells

World war ine surgical dressing

33
Q

Mosses are important for the ecosystem because

A

They reduce nitrogen loss

34
Q

Seedless vascular plants

A

Lycophytes and pterophytes
Flourish in moist environments
Dominant phase - sporophytes(diploid)- photosynthetic
Sporophytes produce plant body with leaves and roots
Small gametophytes (bisexual,hermaphrodite)
Produce flagellated sperms and need water for reproduction
Sporophyte produces plant body on the gametophyte

35
Q

Microphylls vascualr seedles evolution

Only in lycophytes

A

Offshoot of main vertical axis
Represents modification
Narrow leaves with only one strand of veins
Only in lycophytes

36
Q

Evolution of megaphylls

All vascular plants except lycophytes

A

Branching pattern
More surface area
All other vascular plants
Broad leaf, multiple veins

37
Q

Pterophyta

A

Ferns
Most abundant group of seedless vascular
Have roots
Can survive without continuous moisture

38
Q

Seed plants

A

Gymnosperms-naked seeds
Flowering plants-angiosperms-covered seeds
Dominate
Sporophyte stage is dominant, diploid

39
Q

Megaspore

A

Makes female gametophyte

40
Q

Microspore

A

Makes male gametophytes

41
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Naked seed

Sporophyte dominant -

42
Q

Naked seed plants

A

Gymnosperms
Sporophyte dominant, produces reproductive structure structures that contain the haploid spores
Pollen grain- not metabolically active, produce non-motile sperm
Pollination- transfer of pollen to female reproductive parts, no water required

43
Q

Ovule

A

Sporophyte structure produces female gametophyte with egg

Connected to sporophyte by protective tissue

44
Q

Major gymnosperm reproductive adaptations

A

Spores that produced the gametophytes are not shed anymore (microsporangia(male) -> produce male gametophyte)
Following meiosis only one megaspore( produces the female gametophyte) survives
The FG is physically connected to the sporophyte and protected by many layers of tissue. -no risk of predation (environmental threats)

45
Q

The structure that house the female gametophyte is (gymnosperm)

A

Ovule
And once the egg is fertilized, the ovule will become the seed.
Inside the ovule –> megasporangia–> megaspore–>female gametophyte–>archegonia–>egg cell

46
Q

How does the male sperm cell find the egg cell that is protected by so many layers?

A

Pollen is in a quiescent and dry state, (evolution of the elegant pollen tube)
-once it hydrates on the female tissue it produces the pollen tube, which grows through to the egg to deliver the sperm cell for fertilization

47
Q

Pollen tube growth and fertilzation

A

(Fertlized ovule)Haploid–> diploid(gymnosperm seed)

Look at picture know the layers

48
Q

Gymnosperm seed

A

Encased in a seed, the embryo is protected and can be transported far from its parent plant
2n
seed coat 2n~>nutritive tissue(haploid,maternal)~>2nembryo sporophyte-> 2ncotyledon

49
Q

Seeds are a major adaptation for uncertain environments

A

Long distance transport

-dormancy-embryo protected until conducive conditions are percieved

50
Q

Modern gymnosperms

A 
All woody
Conifers
Cycads
Ginkgoes
Gnetophytes
51
Q

Coniferphyta

A

Most common gymnosperms
Pines, spruces and firs
Woody reproductive cones

Most are evergreen, shed some but not all leaves each year

  • needle leaves
  • many produce resins
52
Q

Some important gymno summary

A 
Gametophyte retained on the sporophyte
Zygote retained on female gametophyte
Embryo/seed falls off
Pollen winged and dispersed through wind
Sporophyte dominant phase
53
Q

The most important adaptation that allowed gymnosperms to reproduce without water is the evolution of

A

Pollen and ovule

54
Q

In gymno, after landing on the ovule,the pollen achieves fertilization through

A

Producing a pollen tube to carry the sperm cells to the egg cell

55
Q

Gymnosperm vs angio seed
Gymno vs angio ovule
Gymno vs angio flowers

A

Naked gymno, protected angio
Multiple archegonia inside the ovule vs single egg cell with other cells surrounding it
Gymno no flowers angio flowers

56
Q

Double fertilization?

A

Only in angiosperms
Egg(haploid) + sperm(haploid)–> diploid embryo
Central cell(2n) +haploid(n) sperm->triploid endosperm

57
Q

Xylem in angio vs gymno

Phloem is angio bs gymno

A

Xylem in gymno-tracheids
Xylem in angio-tracheids and vessels
Phloem in gymno-Sieve tube
Phloem in angio-sieve tube and companion cells

58
Q

Angisperms

A

Largest group
Most diverse plants
Monocots and eudicots
Coevolved with pollinators

59
Q

Angiosperm adaptations

A

Effiecient transport of water and nutrients
-vessel elements(more efficient than trachieds)
-more efficient phloem
Double fertilization
-produces embryo (diploid)and endosperm(triploid)
Ovary protects ovule
-develops from

60
Q

Evolution of flower

A 
Shoot system bearing modified leaves
Stamen-anther and filament
Carpel-stigma,style,ovary
Ovaries protect ovules and seeds
Flowers-contain carpals at their center
Fruit structure-nourishes and disperses seeds
61
Q

Anthrophyta

A

Monocots(single cotyledon)

Eudicots(2 cotyledons)

62
Q

Monocots

A

Single cotyledon

  • grasses,palms,lilies,orchids and others
  • parallel veined leaves
63
Q

Eudicots

A

2 cotyledons
Most fruit trees, roses,beans,potato
Reticulate veins

64
Q

Angiosperm seed

A 
Seed coat-2n
Endosperm3n
Embryo 2n
Female gametophyte-1n -too small to see 
See photo
65
Q

Red light

A

Absorption of red or far-red light causes phytochrome to switch back and forth between two forms pr and pfr

66
Q

Angiosperm imprtant points

A

Sporophyte dominant phase
Evolution of hermaphrodite flowers.
Pollen-microscopic, co-evolved with animal pollinators for cross pollination
Survive in dry conditions with less water
Gametophyte very all/microscopic and is retained on the sporophyte

67
Q

Plants evolved multicellularity independently from animals true or false

A

True!

68
Q

Tropics

A

High energy
Biodiversity
More biomass

69
Q

Artic

A

Relatively little life, not enough energy to support life forms
Growing season is short
Homeotherms

Biol 371 (6 decks)

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