Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biol 371 > Samuel 2 > Flashcards

Samuel 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Defining land plant characteristics

A 
Eukaryotes 
Almost all are photo autotrophs
Multicellular
Sessile or stationary
Cell walls
Alternation of generations life cycle
Embryo retained inside gametophyte tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Monotropa uniflora

A

Heterotrophic plant that lacks chlorophyll
Can grow jn dark conditions
We often assume that all plants are photoautotrophs
Some plants are completely heterotrophic, living on organic carbon obtained from plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Plant cells

A

Primary cell wall
Cellulose fibres in matrix of hemicellulose
Rigid but flexible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Plant cell wall structure

A

Cellulose-polymer of glucose
Structural protien
Hemicellulose
Pectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cellulose

A

Most abundant organic polymer
Cotton is almost pure cellulose
Hard to degrade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Secondary cell wall

A

Some plant cells have secondary cell wall(xylem, sclerencyma)

  • cellulose fibres anchored with lignin
  • stronger and more ridgid
  • creates water-proof barrier
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Plant cell wall provides ridgidity true or false

A

False, it is the turgor pressure from the vaculole pushing against the cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which endosymbiotic event was first mitochond or plastids?

A

Mito

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hypertonic plant cell

A

Cant be rescued
Water is leaving
Plasmolyzed
Cell shrinks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hypotonic

A

Turgid
What it is supposed to be
Wall has tensile strength,but the rigidity comes from hydraulic turgor pressure
Vacuoles have higher solute conventration so water comes from outside the cell
Inflating a ballon inside a flexible container filled with water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Isotonic plant cell

A 
Not how it should be
Flaccid
Incipient
Plasmolysis
Green plants
Start drooping
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gametophyte is a haploid t or f

A

True

Gametophyte is the multicellular stage if the haploid generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Plants have alternation of generations in life cycle

A

Plants can alternate between a haploid and a diploid during a single life cycle
Diplod sporocyte ~> meiosis –> haploid spores–>haploid gametophyte–> haploid gametes–>fertilization–>sporocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Plants retain embryo inside gametophyte tissues

A

Following fertilization(embryo remains on the female gametophyte)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Vascular bundles

A

Xylem, phloem, parenchyma cell and fiber cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Parenchyma

A

Undifferentiated

Make more xylem and phloem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Only the xylem and sclerenchyma have

A

2ndary cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Xylem are the water conducting cells

A

Dead at maturity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Phloem cells transport sugars and other solutes

A

Live cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The 2nd most abundant polymer id

A

Lignin
-inbetween promary cell was and plasmid
- it is hydrophobic,aromatic
-covalently linked with cell wall polysaccharides
(Hemicellulose)
This all together provides rigidity and strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lignin degrades quickly t or f

A

False
Degrades very slowly
Slows fermentation
Biofuels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Non vascular plants

A 
Haploid generation is dominant
Byrophytes
First to appear on land
Lack conducting tissues
Small grow close to the ground on wet sites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Vascular seedless plants

A

Well developed vascular systems
Dont make seeds
Dominant diploid gen
Lycophtes and pterophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Vascular seed plants

A

Gym and angis

Diplod gen dominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Byrophytes non vascular
``` They are poikilohydric (water variable) Have little control over internal water content Do not restrict water loss When the habitat dried out so do they Drought tolerators not drought avoiders ```
26
Protonema
Protonema:spores germinate and produce protonema
27
Rhizoids
Root like structures that help in anchoring
28
Antheridia
Sperm producing gametophyte
29
Archegonia
Egg producing gametophyelte
30
Water is required to run the life cycle of a moss
Gametophyte is the dominant phase(gamete amplification) Flagellated sperm swims to egg(dependant on water). Sporocyte retained on gametophyte Sporophyte/sporangia produce haploid spores(germinate only in favourable conditions) Protonema-produces multiple buds and many gametophytes.
31
Moss life cycle: gametangia
Produce gametes in shelter Archegonia-produce eggs Antheridia-produce sperm
32
Sphagnum moss
Can store water in their cells | World war ine surgical dressing
33
Mosses are important for the ecosystem because
They reduce nitrogen loss
34
Seedless vascular plants
Lycophytes and pterophytes Flourish in moist environments Dominant phase - sporophytes(diploid)- photosynthetic Sporophytes produce plant body with leaves and roots Small gametophytes (bisexual,hermaphrodite) Produce flagellated sperms and need water for reproduction Sporophyte produces plant body on the gametophyte
35
Microphylls vascualr seedles evolution | Only in lycophytes
Offshoot of main vertical axis Represents modification Narrow leaves with only one strand of veins Only in lycophytes
36
Evolution of megaphylls | All vascular plants except lycophytes
Branching pattern More surface area All other vascular plants Broad leaf, multiple veins
37
Pterophyta
Ferns Most abundant group of seedless vascular Have roots Can survive without continuous moisture
38
Seed plants
Gymnosperms-naked seeds Flowering plants-angiosperms-covered seeds Dominate Sporophyte stage is dominant, diploid
39
Megaspore
Makes female gametophyte
40
Microspore
Makes male gametophytes
41
Gymnosperms
Naked seed | Sporophyte dominant -
42
Naked seed plants
Gymnosperms Sporophyte dominant, produces reproductive structure structures that contain the haploid spores Pollen grain- not metabolically active, produce non-motile sperm Pollination- transfer of pollen to female reproductive parts, no water required
43
Ovule
Sporophyte structure produces female gametophyte with egg | Connected to sporophyte by protective tissue
44
Major gymnosperm reproductive adaptations
Spores that produced the gametophytes are not shed anymore (microsporangia(male) -> produce male gametophyte) Following meiosis only one megaspore( produces the female gametophyte) survives The FG is physically connected to the sporophyte and protected by many layers of tissue. -no risk of predation (environmental threats)
45
The structure that house the female gametophyte is (gymnosperm)
Ovule And once the egg is fertilized, the ovule will become the seed. Inside the ovule --> megasporangia--> megaspore-->female gametophyte-->archegonia-->egg cell
46
How does the male sperm cell find the egg cell that is protected by so many layers?
Pollen is in a quiescent and dry state, (evolution of the elegant pollen tube) -once it hydrates on the female tissue it produces the pollen tube, which grows through to the egg to deliver the sperm cell for fertilization
47
Pollen tube growth and fertilzation
(Fertlized ovule)Haploid--> diploid(gymnosperm seed) | Look at picture know the layers
48
Gymnosperm seed
Encased in a seed, the embryo is protected and can be transported far from its parent plant 2n seed coat 2n~>nutritive tissue(haploid,maternal)~>2nembryo sporophyte-> 2ncotyledon
49
Seeds are a major adaptation for uncertain environments
Long distance transport | -dormancy-embryo protected until conducive conditions are percieved
50
Modern gymnosperms
``` All woody Conifers Cycads Ginkgoes Gnetophytes ```
51
Coniferphyta
Most common gymnosperms Pines, spruces and firs Woody reproductive cones Most are evergreen, shed some but not all leaves each year - needle leaves - many produce resins
52
Some important gymno summary
``` Gametophyte retained on the sporophyte Zygote retained on female gametophyte Embryo/seed falls off Pollen winged and dispersed through wind Sporophyte dominant phase ```
53
The most important adaptation that allowed gymnosperms to reproduce without water is the evolution of
Pollen and ovule
54
In gymno, after landing on the ovule,the pollen achieves fertilization through
Producing a pollen tube to carry the sperm cells to the egg cell
55
Gymnosperm vs angio seed Gymno vs angio ovule Gymno vs angio flowers
Naked gymno, protected angio Multiple archegonia inside the ovule vs single egg cell with other cells surrounding it Gymno no flowers angio flowers
56
Double fertilization?
Only in angiosperms Egg(haploid) + sperm(haploid)--> diploid embryo Central cell(2n) +haploid(n) sperm->triploid endosperm
57
Xylem in angio vs gymno | Phloem is angio bs gymno
Xylem in gymno-tracheids Xylem in angio-tracheids and vessels Phloem in gymno-Sieve tube Phloem in angio-sieve tube and companion cells
58
Angisperms
Largest group Most diverse plants Monocots and eudicots Coevolved with pollinators
59
Angiosperm adaptations
Effiecient transport of water and nutrients -vessel elements(more efficient than trachieds) -more efficient phloem Double fertilization -produces embryo (diploid)and endosperm(triploid) Ovary protects ovule -develops from
60
Evolution of flower
``` Shoot system bearing modified leaves Stamen-anther and filament Carpel-stigma,style,ovary Ovaries protect ovules and seeds Flowers-contain carpals at their center Fruit structure-nourishes and disperses seeds ```
61
Anthrophyta
Monocots(single cotyledon) | Eudicots(2 cotyledons)
62
Monocots
Single cotyledon - grasses,palms,lilies,orchids and others - parallel veined leaves
63
Eudicots
2 cotyledons Most fruit trees, roses,beans,potato Reticulate veins
64
Angiosperm seed
``` Seed coat-2n Endosperm3n Embryo 2n Female gametophyte-1n -too small to see See photo ```
65
Red light
Absorption of red or far-red light causes phytochrome to switch back and forth between two forms pr and pfr
66
Angiosperm imprtant points
Sporophyte dominant phase Evolution of hermaphrodite flowers. Pollen-microscopic, co-evolved with animal pollinators for cross pollination Survive in dry conditions with less water Gametophyte very all/microscopic and is retained on the sporophyte
67
Plants evolved multicellularity independently from animals true or false
True!
68
Tropics
High energy Biodiversity More biomass
69
Artic
Relatively little life, not enough energy to support life forms Growing season is short Homeotherms

Biol 371 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions