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geography paper 1 > The water cycle eq1 > Flashcards

The water cycle eq1 Flashcards

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1
Q

the hydrological cycle

A

the global hydrological cycle operares as a closed system (inputs, outputs, stores and flows) driven by solar energy and gravitational potential energy

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2
Q

closed system

A

occurs when there is a transfer of energy but not matter between the system and its surroundings (the inputs come from within the system).

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3
Q

The global hydrological cycle is a closed system

A

it is a continuous cycle, over a long period of time, nothing is gained or lost.

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4
Q

inputs in the hydrological cycle

A

the main input is precipitation

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5
Q

flows in the hydrological cycle

A
  • interception
  • infiltration
  • percolation
  • throughflow
  • groundwater
  • surface runoff
  • river or channel flow
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6
Q

outputs

A
  • evaporation
  • transpiration
  • discharge
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7
Q

interception

A

the retention of water by plants and soils which is subsequently evaporated or absorbed by the vegetation.

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8
Q

infiltration

A

the process by which water soaks into, or is absorbed by, the soil.

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9
Q

percolation

A

similar to infiltration, but a deeper transfer of water into permeable rocks

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10
Q

throughflow

A

the lateral transfer of water downslope through the soil

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11
Q

groundwater flow

A

the very slow transfer of percolated water through pervious (permeable) or porous rocks.

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12
Q

surface runoff

A

the movement of water that is unconfined by a channel across the surface of the ground.

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13
Q

river or channel flow

A

takes over as soon as the water enters a river or stream; the flow is confined within a channel

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14
Q

the water balance

A

The balance between inputs into a drainage basin and outputs. It is important for understanding the processes operating in a drainage basin and water balances throughout the year.

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15
Q

the water balance equation

A

precipitation=evapotranspiration +streamflow+/- storage

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16
Q

solar energy

A

The global circulation of water is driven by this eg. warmer temperatures leads to more evaporation

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17
Q

gravitational pull

A

On land gravitational potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. This keeps water moving around the system and holds water on Earth.

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18
Q

water budget

A

The annual (yearly) balance of fluxes ( flows) and the size of the water stores e.g oceans, atmosphere and biosphere.

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19
Q

water stores

A

A place where water can accumulate. It may be natural, such as a pond, lake, aquifer or river, or artificial, such as a tank, reservoir, channel or pipe. It may be located above or below the surface of the earth.

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20
Q

Is water a renewable resource?

A

yes but with fossil water as an exception

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21
Q

fossil water

A

Water that has been contained in an undisturbed space, usually ground water in an aquifer, for millennia or longer.

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22
Q

open system

A

Receives inputs from and transfers outputs of energy and matter to other systems

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23
Q

drainage basin

A

the area of land that is drained by a river and the smaller rivers and streams that flow into it. It is series of linked processes: inputs, flows and outputs.

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24
Q

What physical factors impact the drainage basin?

A
  • Shape
  • Relief- shape of land ( highland vs lowland)
  • Geology- rock, permeability, porous?
  • Vegetation
  • Climate
  • Land use
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25
Q

relief

A

steeply sided river valley means that gravity assists water, whereas gently sloping valleys produce longer lag time and slower surface runoff eg Sheffield

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26
Q

geology

A
  • porous rock allows water through spaces
  • pervious rock allows water to travel along joints and bedding places (limestone)
  • both lack surface drainage and have high rates of infiltration
  • impermeable rock impedes drainage
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27
Q

land use

A

lag time is higher in agricultural areas due to irrigation in comparison to land which has not been managed

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28
Q

atmosphere

A

heavy rainfall may exceed the infiltration capacity of the soil

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29
Q

vegetation

A

increases interception which will lead to a higher lag time. Increased evapotranspiration - Amazon rainforest

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30
Q

shape

A

circular drainage basin means that all points on the watershed are equidistant from the channel and this will lead to shorter lag time and higher peak discharge

elongated basins have longer lag time and low peak discharge

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31
Q

human factors affecting the drainage basin

A
  • cloud seeding
  • climate change
  • urbanisation
  • deforestation
  • groundwater abstractation
  • dam construction
  • afforestation
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32
Q

cloud seeding

A

extra 5-15% precipitation, used in 50 countries, can be used to keep snow longer, can help with droughts.

Inputs particles into atmosphere to allow snowflakes or rainfall to form eg the Alps and Idaho

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33
Q
A
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34
Q

urbanisation

A
  • infiltration decreases
  • surface-runoff increases

results in flash flooding

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34
Q

anthropogenic climate change

A

temperature rising means evapotranspiration rates increase

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35
Q

deforestation

A

Without vegetation to intercept the rainfall, infiltration rates decrease and. direct overland flow increase, leading to shorter lag time and flooding. The roots of the trees also anchor the soil, reducing the chances of mudslide eg Freetown, Sierra Leone

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36
Q

afforestation

A

The roots of the trees are a vital part of the drainage basin system and create a network of channels through which water can infiltrate. Also, leaf decomposition is crutial for soil development. The wrong type of tree was used in Iceland so these processes could not occur.

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37
Q

dam construction

A

Dams are able to mitigate the effects of hydrological extremes. But they can reduce river discharge downstream and increase evaporation rates eg Grand Ethiopian Renaissanse Dam

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38
Q

groundwater abstractation

A
  • stores reduce
  • fossil water reduces

The amount of groundwater aquifers can hold is dependant on the permeability and porosity of the rock. The rate of recharge for them also differs eg Ogallala aquifer USA

39
Q

What sequetial events of the drainage basin and impacted the most?

factors affecting the Amazon drainage basin

A

interception, evapotraspiration, surface runoff, infiltration, throughflow

40
Q

the forest

factors affecting the Amazon drainage basin

A

There are around 40000 plant species, 1300 bird species, 3000 types of fish, 430 mammals and 2.5 million types of insects

41
Q

evaporation

factors affecting the Amazon drainage basin

A

deforestation is reducing evapotranspiration

water is evaporated from the leaves

generates its own rainfall

41
Q

type of rainfall

factors affecting the Amazon drainage basin

A

heavy local convectional rainfall and is an example of a self-sustaining cycle where water gets recycled into the tropical rainforest

42
Q

agriculture

factors affecting the Amazon drainage basin

A

Agricultural practices tend to cause significant soil erosion and river siltation, as well as aquatic contamination with agrochemicals

43
Q

impact of deforestation

factors affecting the Amazon drainage basin

A

Significantly reducing evapotranspiration while increasing runoff and river discharge eg Tocantins River

44
Q

global water cycle

A

the annual balance between inputs (precipitation)and outputs (evapotranspiration and channel flow)

45
Q

P=Q+E +/- S

A

precipitation = streamflow +evapotranspiration +/- changes in stores

46
Q

soil moisdture surplus

soil mositure budget graph

A

soil water full, recharging groundwater, supplies field capacity

47
Q

utilisation

soil mositure budget graph

A

more evapotranspiration from ground, water used up

48
Q

soil moisture recharge

soil mositure budget graph

A

evapotranspiration decreasing, lower than precipitation, soil re-fills

48
Q

maximum annual temperatures

soil mositure budget graph

A

maximum evapotransipiration and minimum precipitation, river levels fall

48
Q

deficiency

soil mositure budget graph

A

water used up by high evapotranspiration and low precipitation, plants must adapt for droughts

49
Q

field capacity

soil mositure budget graph

A

soil is full of water and cannot hold anymore

50
Q

Ciaro, Egypt

A
  • located in the North East of Egypt with close proximity to the Suez Canal
  • it has a dry, hot climate and is dominated by desert
  • the Nile river is its main water source
  • the water is used for agriculture, industry and drinking
  • the aswan dam could threaten water supply
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57
Q

Barrow, Alaska

A
  • located on the North coast of Alaska
  • it has a polar climate
  • the main water source is the Isatkoak Resevior, which is mainly used for drinking
57
Q

river regime

A

the annual pattern of flow of a river (its discharge)

58
Q

simple regime

A

These sre where the river experiences a period of seasonally high discharge followed by low discharge. They are typically of rivers where the input dependa on glacial water, snowmelt or seasonal storms

58
Q

2 types of river regime

A
  • simple
  • complex
58
Q

complex regime

A

These are where large rivers cross several different relief and climate zones anf therefore experience the effects of different seasonal climate events. Human factors can also add to their complexity.

58
Q

subdued

A

slow and no risk of flooding

58
Q

flashy

A

there is a rapid increase in discharge and perhaps a risk of flooding

58
Q

peak discharge

storm hydrograph

A

in redponse to rainfall in an event

58
Q

bankfull discharge

storm hydrograph

A

water level reaches top of it’s channel

58
Q

falling limb

storm hydrograph

A

decline in discharge

58
Q

normal flow

storm hydrograph

A

long term storage sources such as permeable rock

58
Q

lag time

storm hydrograph

A

difference in time between max precipitation and peak discharge

58
Q

storm runoff

storm hydrograph

A

river flow derived from the immediate rainfall

59
Q

approach segment

storm hydrograph

A

discharge of river before the storm

60
Q

rising limb

storm hydrograph

A

increase in discharge in reponse to surface runoff and throughflow from a rainfall event

61
Q

Drainage basin size

Conditions likely to produce a flashy hydrograph

A

Small basins: water will reach the channel rapidly, as it has a short distance to travel.

62
Q

Drainage basin shape

Conditions likely to produce a flashy hydrograph

A

Circular basins: it will take less time for the water to reach the channel, as all the extremities are equidistant from the channel.

63
Q

Drainage basin relief

Conditions likely to produce a flashy hydrograph

A

Steep slopes: water flows rapidly downhill and reaches the channel quickly.

64
Q

Soil type

Conditions likely to produce a flashy hydrograph

A

Clay soil and then soils: clay soils have low porosity and the grains swell when they absorb water, so water infiltrates slowly. Thin soil becomes saturated quickly.

65
Q

Rock type

Conditions likely to produce a flashy hydrograph

A

Impermeable rocks: water cannot percolate into the cok, increasing surface runoff to rivers.

66
Q

Drainage density

Conditions likely to produce a flashy hydrograph

A

High drainage density: a large number of surface streams per km2 means the storm water will reach the main channel rapidly.

67
Q

Natural vegetation

Conditions likely to produce a flashy hydrograph

A

This grass: intercepts little water and there is little loss by evapotranspiration, so more water reaches the channel rapidly.

68
Q

Land Use

Conditions likely to produce a flashy hydrograph

A

Urban: urban surfaces have more hard surfaces such as roads, and drains that carry the water rapidly and directly to the river.

69
Q

Drainage basin size

Conditions likely to produce a subdued hydrograph

A

Large basins: water will take longer to reach the channel as it has a greater distance to travel.

70
Q

Drainage basin shape

Conditions likely to produce a subdued hydrograph

A

Elongate basins: water will take a long time to reach the channel from the extremities of the drainage basin.

70
Q

Soil type

Conditions likely to produce a subdued hydrograph

A

Sandy soils and thick soils: sandy soils have a high porosity, so the water can infiltrate. Deep soils allow more infiltration.

71
Q

Drainage basin relief

Conditions likely to produce a subdued hydrograph

A

Gentle slopes: water can infiltrate into the ground and travel slowly to the channel through the soil and rock.

72
Q

Rock type

Conditions likely to produce a subdued hydrograph

A

Permeable rocks: water percolates through pore spaces and fissures into the groundwater store.

73
Q

Drainage density

Conditions likely to produce a subdued hydrograph

A

Low drainage density: a small number of surface streams per km2 means the water travels slowly through the soil and rocks to the river.

74
Q

Land Use

Conditions likely to produce a subdued hydrograph

A

Rural: vegetated surfaces intercepts water and allow infiltration so water travels slowly to the river channel.

74
Q

Natural vegetation

Conditions likely to produce a subdued hydrograph

A

Forest and woodland: intercepts water and has high rates of evapotranspiration, so less water reaches the channel, and more slowly.

geography paper 1 (10 decks)

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