The water cycle and water insecurity (DONE) Flashcards
What approach is the global hydrological cycle typically studied as?
- The global hydrological cycle is typically studied and understood using a systems approach, which is a central concept for the study of physical geography.
What does the systems theory allow us to do?
- Systems theory allows us to conceptualise the main water stores and pathways at a global scale, as well as understand the role of local hydrological processes within this wider global system.
- This complex system adjusts and changes as a result of physical and human factors over short and long timescales.
What is a system?
- A system is any set of interrelated components that are connected together to form a working whole, characterised by inputs, stores, processes (or fiows) and outputs.
- There are two types: closed system and open system.
What is a closed system?
- A closed system occurs when there is transfer of energy but not matter between the system and its surroundings (the inputs come from within the system).
What is an open system?
- An open system receives inputs from and transfers outputs of energy and matter to other systems.
Why is the hydrological cycle a closed system?
- The global hydrological cycle is a closed system because all the water is continually circulated through the stores and there is a constant amount of water in the system.
- The system does not change because there are no gains from or losses to other systems.
What drives the global circulation of water in the hydrological cycle?
- The global circulation of water is driven by solar energy;
- When heated by the Sun, the water on the Earth’s surface evaporates into the atmosphere.
- When the humid air rises, condensation occurs at the cooler temperatures, forming clouds, and this eventually leads to precipitation and water is returned back to the land and oceans on the Earth’s surface.
What energy transfers occur in the hydrological cycle?
- On land, gravitational potential energy is converted to kinetic energy as the water moves through the system by plant interception, or over land as surface runoff.
How can water flow through soil in the hydrological cycle?
- Water also flows through the soil by the processes of infiltration and throughflow.
- Here, it may be stored as soil moisture or, if the bedrock is permeable or porous, will percolate into the rock where it is stored as groundwater.
- Some of this water will return to the oceans via streams and rivers, which may take some time if it is stored in lakes or glaciers en route.
What is the largest water store in the global hydrological cycle?
- Oceans are the largest:
- 96.9% of water is stored here.
- 1,335,040 x 10^3 Km3
Which water store in the hydrological cycle has the largest residence time?
- ice caps and glaciers have the largest residence time of 15,000 years.
What is the smallest water store in the global hydrological cycle?
- Biological water (biosphere).
- 1 x 10^3 Km3
- 0.0001% of water is stored there.
Which water store in the hydrological cycle has the smallest residence time?
- Biological water (biosphere).
- 1 week residence time.
What is the global water budget?
- The global water budget is the annual balance of water fiuxes (flows) and the size of the water stores - oceans, atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, groundwater and surface water.
Why is water generally considered as a renewable resource?
- The water stores have different residence times, but the constant circulation, albeit at variable speeds, means that water is generally considered a renewable resource, replenished naturally.
What type of water is not considered as a renewable resource?
- Fossil water is an exception; this is water that has been contained in an undisturbed space, usually groundwater in an aquifer, for millennia or longer.
In what areas is fossil water being extracted an how does this impact the resource?
- In arid regions such as the Sahara Desert, the fossil water in these aquifers may be extracted for human purposes (agriculture, industry and consumption), but there is little to no significant recharge, effectively making this type of groundwater a non-renewable resource.
What is a drainage basin?
- A drainage basin is an area of land that is drained by a river and its tributaries, and separated from neighbouring drainage basins by a ridge of high land called a watershed or divide.
What type of system is a drainage basin?
- A drainage basin is an open system, so it is linked to other systems by inputs and outputs and involves a number of linked processes and stores.
What is precipitation?
- Precipitation is any form of water (liquid or solid) falling from the sky.
- Precipitation includes rain, sleet, snow, hail and drizzle.
What is the major input into any drainage basin system?
- Precipitation is the major input into any drainage basin system.
- The volume of the input varies according to its type and intensity over time and space, linked to the climatic season and associated weather systems.
Where are highest precipitation inputs found?
- The highest precipitation inputs to drainage basins are found in the tropics, due to the lntertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), and in some places during the monsoon seasons.
Why does the ITCZ cause large volumes of precipitation?
- In the ITCZ, intense solar radiation fuels the convection of warm humid air, resulting in condensation and precipitation (convectional precipitation).
Where is the highest average precipitation in the world?
- The highest average annual rainfall is in Mawsynram in India, with 11,873 mm of rain per year, mostly during the monsoon season between June
and September.