The Vine & Growing Enviroment Flashcards
Name the most common European Vine species
Vitis Vinifera
Name the 4 most common American Vine species
V. Labrusca,
V.riparia
V.rupestris
V.berlandieri
Name the 7 main components of a vine
Leaves, Tendrils, Inflorescences, Lateral shoots, Buds, Main shoot, Trunk
Describe the difference between a compound bud and a prompt bud
Compound (latent) buds form in one season and break open the following
Prompt buds form and burst in the same growing season
Name the two types of bud
Prompt bud, compound bud
What is a lateral shoots purpose?
To allow the vine to keep on growing if the primary shoot is damaged.
What is it called when a lateral shoot inflorences and what variety often produces this?
“Second crop” - Pinot Noir
What is the purpose of the tendrils?
To allow the vine to support the main shoot, they can be used by growers to attach to a trellis.
What is the purpose of the leaves?
To provide the main location for photosynthesis.
Describe transpiration
To loss of water through the stomata leading to a water gradient and the vine taking water up through the roots.
Name the grape variety that has a red pulp
Alicante Bouschett
Where are the majority of carbohydrates stored in a vine?
The trunk and then the roots
Name 2 types of Vine Propgation that produce genetically identical plants.
Cutting & Layering
What is the main disadvantage to layering?
The vine will grow on its own rootstock
What are the advantages of cutting?
Can be done at the same time as other cuttings
Permits the use of rootstock
cuttings can be treated by nurseries
How do clones arise?
Clones arise due to genetic mutation at cell division.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of buying from a nursery?
Free from disease
Growth can be uniform and simpler to manage
Could be a limit of clones available
Could lead to a lack of diversity and complexity
Diseases and pests could become more dangerous
What is mass selection?
Mass selection is when growers use their own cuttings and cultivate from those. They are generally the best performing vines and are chosen after years of monitoring.
Define a cross
A cross is a new vine from 2 parent vines of the same species
Define a hybrid
A hybrid is a new vine from 2 parent vines of different species
What does a vine need and what are the adverse conditions during Dormancy?
Vine needs temps below 10 degrees
Extremely cold temps -20
Unusually mild temps
Name a variety that is winter hardy?
Vidal (lesser riesling)
What does a vine need and what are the adverse conditions during Budburst
Air & Soil temp > 10 degrees
Frost
Cold soils
Varieties that require lower temperatures to bud are called what? Name a variety
Early budding - Merlot (chard, pinot noir, grenache)
Varieties that require higher temperatures to bud are called what? Name a variety
Late budding - Ugni Blanc ( Sauv B, Syrah, Cab Sauv)
What can be done in the vineyard to delay budburst?
Late winter pruning
What does a vine need and what are the adverse conditions during Shoot & Leaf Growth
Stored carbohydrates
Warmth, sunlight, nurtrients, water
Low carb levels (poor previous season)
Water stress
Dry soils limiting nutrient uptake
What does a vine need and what are the adverse conditions during Flowering & Fruit Set
Warm temps (min 17 degrees) Sun, warmth, water, nutrients for fruitfullness next season
Rainy
cloudy
windy
cold temps
Briefly describe pollination in a vine
Pollination is the process of pollen falling from the stamen on to the stigma. This will form a pollen tube that will penetrate the stigma, the ovary and then the ovule where it will fertilise the egg with sperm cells.
The stamen is made up of what two parts?
The anther and the filament
What will the fertilised egg become?
The seed of a grape.
What is the range of percentage of successful flowerings and most common percentage
0-60% Typically 30%
Why are windy, rainy and cold weather bad at fruit set?
Can disrupt pollen tube growth (lead to coulure)
Name 2 negative conditions that can arise from fruit set
Coulure & Millerandage
Describe Coulure and why it is caused. Name a variety susceptible
Coulure is a condition where fruit set has failed for a high percentage of flowers. It is caused due to an imbalance in carbohydrate levels, low rates of photosynthesis & very fertile soils.
Grenache, Cab Sauv, Merlot, Malbec
Describe Millerandage and why it is caused. Name a variety susceptible
Millerandage is a condition where there is a high proportion of seedless grapes within a bunch. They will be smaller and can affect yields. It is caused due to wet windy cold weather
Chardonnay & Merlot
What does a vine need and what are the adverse conditions during Grape Development
Sunlight, warmth, mild water stress
Too much water & nutrients
Excessive shading
Very cold or Very hot conditions
Name the 4 stages of grape development
Early grape growth
Veraison
Ripening
Extra Ripening
Briefly describe early grape growth
Hard green grapes grow and malic tartaric acids accumulate. Sugar levels are low, tannins begin to accumulate. Some aromas and precursors develop. Milld water strees encourages grape growth over vegetitive growth.
Briefly describe Veraison
Grape growth slows for a few days (lag phase). Grape cell walls become stretchy and supple. The synthesis of anthocyanins starts as chlorophyll is broken down. Black varieties start to become red and white become slightly translucent.
Briefly describe Ripening
Vegetative growth has slowed drastically. Cells expand rapidly with the accumulation of sugar, acid drops. Tannins and anthocyanins continue to develop. Sugar accumulation is rapid to begin with and then slows. Max rate at 18-33 degrees and 1/3 sunshine.
What are the tubes called that transport water and suagr respectively
Xylem & Phloem
At what point are tannins at their highest during grape growth?
Veraison
Length of ripening is based on ___ (4 points)
Grape Variety, climatic conditions, management of the vine and vineyard, time of harvest.
How much sunlight does a vine typically need?
1/3 of full sunshine
Sunlight enhances what in the grape ____ (4 points)
development of anthocyanins
reduction of methoxypryrazines
developing tannins pre veraison
polymerisation of tannins post veraison
Between what latitudes will grapes typically grow?
30 - 50 degrees north and south of equator
Explain why vineyards at higher latitudes receive less sunlight when all other factors are equal
The sun hits these regions at a lower angle and the sunlight has to pass through more of the atmosphere.
What is the temperature drop for every 100m about sea level?
0.6 degrees C
Explain why sunshine is more intense at higher altitudes
It has to go through less atmosphere
Higher altitude areas are thought to have a higher or lower dinural range compared to lower sites?
They are thought to have a higher range as there is less atmosphere to moisture so the heat is quickly dissipated.
Describe the importance of aspect in relation to latitude
Areas of high latitude can use slopes to increase the volume of light received in a vineyard by increasing the angle at which it hits the land while lower latitudes can use aspect to face the vineyard away from the sun and receive less of the suns rays.
Describe the important of east of west facing vineyards in terms of solar radiation
Vineyards that face the east can benifet from the morning sun and can extend hours of vine growth in cooler climates.
Why do large bodies of water regulate temperature and sunlight of nearby land? (2 points)
Large bodies of water take longer to heat up and longer to cool down. During the day the cold air is drawn to the land and helps cool it down. It retains heat better than the land so at night it will slowly release the heat.
The water will help reflect sunlight and is more noticeable at higher latitudes with steep slopes