Sparkling wines of Italy Flashcards
Describe the climate and growing enviroment of Prosecco DOC
Generally warm and moderately continental
moderate rainfall
Flat plains affected by moist air from rivers
Is malolactic encouraged or blocked within lambrusco?
Blocked to reserve acidity
What are the disadvantages of Sylvoz?
Can encourage overcropping
Requires careful monitoring to avoid shading
Difficult to distribute clusters evenly
What are the advantages of Sylvoz?
Well suited for high vigour in fertile sites (Prosecco DOC) Inexpensive Minimises winter pruning Machine harvestable Protection from frost due to height
What type of soils are found in Lambrusco
Alluvial - Predominantly clay and silt.
Good water holding capacity but prone to compaction
High fertility
What temperature does second fermentation for Prosecco happen at? How long does this last for?
12-15 degrees
1 month
What type of vineyard management would you expect of Prosecco DOC
Mechanised
What are the grape varieties of Lambrusco?
Lambrusco Salamino
Lambrusco Grasparossa
Lambrusco di Sorbara
What are the two smaller DOC’s of Lambrusco?
Reggiano Lambrusco DOC
Lambrusco di Modena DOC
What altitudes would you expect for Prosecco DOCG?
200-300m
What are the two main grape varieties grown for Franciacorta plus the additional variety?
Chardonnay
Pinot Noir
Pinot Blanc
What temperatures would Prosecco be fermented at? How long does it last?
18 degrees - retain fruity aromas
15-20 days
How are sweet styles of Lambrusco achieved?
By stopping the ferment or sweetened by RCGM
What is double arched cane? What are the advantages and disadvantages. Where would it typically be found?
It is a form of replacement cane pruning
ADV: Improves evenness of growth, fruitfulness, increases ventilation
DIS: Repeated shoot thinning needed for open canopy
Individual bunches must be tied in on every vine
Typically found in DOCG where fruit quality is a concern.
What percentage of Prosecco DOC is Spumante and Frizzante?
Spumante 75% - min 3 bar
Frizzante 25% - 1-2.5 bar
How many provinces does Prosecco DOC cover? From where to where?
9 Provinces
Trieste to Vincenza
What is the size of Asolo DOCG?
1800Ha
What is Charmat lungo?
Prosecco that is kept on the lees for minimum 9 months, the lees are agitated to ensure contact.
What are the yields of the Lambrusco DOC’s and the minimum requirement of the variety within each?
Salamino - 133hL/ha - 85%
Grasparossa di Castelvetro - 126 hL/ha - 85%
Di Sorbara - 126hL/ha - 60%
What is the general climate of Prosecco DOCG’s
Warm continental
Cooling influences from altitude which contribute higher diurnal ranges
Describe Lambrusco di Sorbara
Pale, lighter body, high acidity
What are the first and second fermentation temperatures for Lambrusco?
1st. 18-20 degrees
2nd. 12-15 degrees
What are the 5 styles of Franciacorta and their requirements?
NV - 18 months on lees, 50% Pinot Blanc allowed
Satèn - White grapes only, 24 months on lees, Brut only
Rose - Min 35% Pinot Noir, 24 months on lees
Millesimato - Vintage, 85% fruit from that year, 30 months on lees
Riserva - Millesimato but with 60 months on lees
Where is Lambrusco?
Western part of Emilia-Romagna
What is Prosecco Col Fondo?
Traditional style producing lightly cloudy, dry wines in a frizzante style.
From 2020 must be labelled as sui lieviti (on the lees)
What is Tranquillo?
Tranquillo is the still wine production in Prosecco, production is tiny.
For both lighter and fuller bodied Lambrusco’s what are the pre-maceration times?
1-2 days for lighter styles
3-4 days for more structured full bodied wines
Describe the soils of Prosecco DOC
Generally fertile
What is similar about Cartizze, Rive and sui lieviti in terms of harvesting?
Must be harvested by hand
Who are the top export markets for Prosecco DOCG?
Germany, UK, Switzerland
What is unusual about Glera and its fruiting buds? What is the consequence of this?
The first 2 buds do not bear much fruit, so it must be trained long.
How is the business of Franciacorta structured?
There is no coops, mostly estate growers with motivation for quality.
Traditionally how is sweetness determined in Prosecco? What changed in 2014?
Without dosage. Winemakers calculate how much sugar is needed in Tirage to achieve desired pressure and residual sugar. Since 2014 it has been possible to adjust sweetness.
What can spumante and frizzante lambrusco wines also be labeled as?
Emilia IGT
What are the attributes of Glera?
Vigorous
semi-aromatic
Capable of high yield
What are the minimum abv’s for the Lambrusco
Spumante?
Frizzante?
Amabile or Dolce?
Spumante - 11%
Frizzante - 10.5%
Amabile or Dolce - 7% with potential of 10.5-11%
What is the biggest challenge for Prosecco DOCG moving forward?
To improve recognition of potentially higher quality wine amongst those who see Prosecco as generic and to achieve a higher price for their wine.
What is the yield of Asolo DOCG?
94.5hL/ha
What is Cartizze DOCG?
Historic delimited single vineyard of 108Ha in Valdobbiadene. Only spumante is allowed
Italy is the largest exporter of Sparkling wine in the world by
A: Volume
B: Value
A - Volume
What alignments is Glera susceptible to?
Millerandange, mildew(both)Drought and Grapevine yellows
What is the grape variety used in Prosecco?
Glera
What two regions produce traditional sparkling wine? What is their size in comparison in production compared to champagne?
Franciacorta - 17.5 million bottles
Tretodoc - 7 million bottles
Together - 1/10th of Champagne
Describe the winemaking process of Franciacorta
Whole bunch pressed
Stainless steel for first fermentation and maturation of base, unless millesimato or reserva.
Malolactic varies between producers
Large produces utilise reserve wines
What training systems are banned in Franciacorta?
Heavy cropping systems - Pergola/Geneva double curtain
What is the climate of Franciacorta?
Warm continental with moderating influences - Cool air from the Alps and Lake Iseo
Adequate rainfall
Little vintage variation - except 2014 which was rainy and cool
What is the average land holding in Lambrusco and where is most of the fruit sold?
< 3 Ha
Co-ops
What are the grassy banks of Prosecco DOCG’s called, where would these be found?
Ciglione
The steepest parts of the hills
Describe Sylvoz
High cordon system with shoots hanging downwards
What percentage of production is Tank method and thus what percentage is Traditional method? Of the tank method, how much of this is Prosecco production?
96% Tank - About 1/2 of this is prosecco production
4% Traditional
What percentage of vineyards are organic in franciacorta?
75%
What is the market share of Lambrusco in terms of domestic and export?
1/3 - Domestic
2/3 - Exports