Port, Sherry & Fortified Wines Flashcards
What is Pale Cream Sherry and what is it sweetened with?
Sweetened Fino, sweetened with RCGM
Describe a quality Tawny Port
Pale tawny in colour, high in alcohol, sweet Walnut, coffee, chocolate
What is ‘Vintage’ Port?
The most concentrated and tannic of Ports.
Usually a producers flagship Port
Only produced av 3 times per decade, up to producer not consensus
Consumer can drink young or age in cellar
Throws heavy deposit
Which of the following styles typically represents the smallest amount of production in a Sherry bodega?
A. Fino
B. Amontillado
C. Palo Cortado
D. Oloroso
C. Palo Cortado
What is the soil of the Port subregions and how does it help vines?
Shist bedrock, fractures vertically helping vine roots to dig down deep to water reserves
What do you call a traditional narrow terrace supported by Stone Walls found in the Douro Valley?
Socalo
Match the Muscat-based fortified wine to its country of origin.
A. Muscat of Samos
B. Muscatel de Sétubal
C. Muscat de Noël
D. Massandra Pink Muscat
A. Muscat of Samos: Greece
B. Muscatel de Sétubal: Portugal
C. Muscat de Noël: France
D. Massandra Pink Muscat: Crimea (Ukraine)
What is Dulce de Alimbar?
A blend of invert sugar and Fino sherry used to sweeten Sherry.
Working West to East name the three subregions of Douro vineyards
Baixo Corgo / Cima Corgo / Douro Superior
Which sherries are naturally sweet?
Give simple tasting notes
PX - Deep brown and lusciously sweet (upto 500g/L sugar)
Pronounced dried fruit, coffee and liquorice
Muscat - Similar to PX but keeps dried citrus peel character
Rutherglen Muscat is a fortified wine from which country or region of origin?
Australia
Fortification of Port happens ________ in the winemaking process than in the fortification of Oloroso Sherry.
earlier
What styles of Sherry are aged in the presence of flor yeast?
Fino / Manzanilla / Amontillado / Palo Cortado
Banyuls is a fortified wine from which country or region of origin?
What is the main grape used?
Roussillon, France
Grenache Noir
What is the desired criteria for a Port grape?
List the 5 varieties used
Thick skinned, High tannin, Black fruit and floral notes Touriga Franca, Touriga Nacional Tinta Roriz, Tinta Baroca, Tinta Cão
What is the name of the spirit used to fortify Port?
What does the name transalte to?
What is its maximum permitted strength?
What abv range is Port fortified to?
Approx what % of a bottle of Port is this spirit?
Aguardente
“Burning water”
77% abv
19%~22% depending on house style
20% of total
What is the difference between a Mistelle and a Fortified Wine?
What is a Mistelle also called in France?
Give 4 examples and their regions:
A Mistelle is produced when unfermented grape juice / must is fortified, whereas a fortified wine is fortified after fermentation.
Vin de Liqueur
Champagne: Ratafia;
Cognac: Pineau des Charentes;
Armagnac: Floc de Gascogne;
Jura: Macvin du Jura.
What is a ‘Patamares’?
A newer type of terrace used in the Port region that allows some mechanisation (tractor access) by not having retaining walls.
Not all sherries qualify for age indicated status, which sherries can qualify?
Amontillado, Palo Cortado, Oloroso and PX
i.e. only sherries that have been through the oxidative process
Which of Ports subregions produces the lightest wines and why?
Baixo Corgo because it is most westerly and receives some coastal influence
Sherry Vocab:
Llamada
Manzanilla
Moscatel
Oloroso
LLamada: Specific markings on a barrel indicating the type of Sherry, the solera and the number of botas.
Manzanilla: A special, biologically-aged Sherry exclusively aged in Sanlucar de Barrameda.
Moscatel: A special varietal used to make sweet styles of Sherry.
Oloroso: Sherry that has not aged under flor at all, exclusively oxidatively aged.
Which grape is known as Moscatel in Sherry country?
Muscat of Alexandria
Give simple tasting notes for a ‘true’ Tawny Port
Tawny colour (maybe brown if really old), raisiny, with flavours of walnuts, coffee, chocolate and caramel
What type of Port am I?
I am relatively inexpensive and made from a blend of wines typically between 1~3 years old. I lack concentration, complexity or tannins of my more premium peers
Ruby Port
What are the age indications for Sherry?
VORS (Very Old Rare Sherry) - 30yo
VOS (Very Old Sherry) - 20yo
Each batch tested to ensure it complies
Also 12 and 15yo but these classifications are applied to the whole Solera System
What is the grape Tinta Roriz otherwise known as? Which of the Port grapes is similar to Grenache?
Tempranillo
Tinta Barroca
Pale Cream Sherry is a sweetened ………………….? Medium Sherry is a sweetened ……………………?
Cream Sherry is a sweetened ……………………..?
Pale Cream is a Fino sweetened with RCGM
Medium Sherry is an Amontillado sweetened with PX
Cream sherry is an Oloroso Sherry sweetened with PX
What are the climate risks in the Port Region?
Some frosts in Spring
Heavy rain can disrupt flowering and harvest
Summer temps can be V. High
Rainfall low
Sherry Vocab:
Palo Cortado
Palomino
Pedro Ximenez (style)
Pedro Ximenez (varietal)
Palo Cortado: Rarely produced, this rich type of Sherry is guided towards oxidative aging even though flor is still present, described as being halfway between Amontillado and Oloroso.
Palomino: The dominant grape of Sherry, this white varietal produces fairly neutral base wines that are used to make most types of Sherry.
Pedro Ximenez (Style): Sweet wine made from sun-dried PX grapes.
Pedro Ximenez (Varietal): A varietal found in Jerez, usually reserved for sweet styles but can used for dry styles as well.
What are the levels of the Solera system called?
Criaderas
Setubal is a fortified wine from which country or region of origin?
Made with which grape?
Lisboa / Portugal
Moscatel de Setubal
What is the style of Ruby, Reserve Ruby, LBV and vintage Ports and how are they aged?
Deeply coloured with primary fruit flavours avoiding oxygen
Aged in large Oak vessels or S. Steel for a relatively short period
What type of Port am I?
I have undergone a long period of oxidative ageing in Pipes. I can be labelled 10, 20, 30, 40 years old?
High quality Tawny with an indication of Age
What is the labelling term for Ruby and Tawny Ports that are of a higher quality and has been approved by an official tasting panel?
Reserve / Reserva
What is the name of the terracing system used in Port than can only be used on gentle slopes?
Vinha ao Alto
Which ageing method is used for Oloroso Give simple tasting notes
Oxidative Brown, full bodied.
Toffee, leather, spice and walnut
Sherry, Port, Madeira, and Marsala must be fortified with:
Grape-based neutral spirit
To what % are the base wines for biological / oxidative Sherries fortified?
With what?
What strength is it?
Biological ageing wines - 15%~15.5%
Oxidative ageing wines - 17%
Fortified with “mitad y mitad”, a blend of neutral grape spirit and older Sherry, designed to be gentler than the spirit alone.
96% abv
What is the Portuguese word for ‘Estate’?
Quinta
Sherry Vocab:
Albariza
Almacenista
Amontillado
Aroba
Albariza: Chalky soil found in Jerez, producing the finest Palomino for Sherry.
Almacenista: Small Sherry stockholder, a small firm that would historically sell their wine to bigger houses.
Amontillado: A Sherry that is first aged biologically, then oxidatively.
Aroba: Traditional unit of measurement in Jerez;
1 Aroba = 16.6 L
What are troughs used for foot treading called?
Lagares
Give an example and simple tasting notes for a fully developed aged Muscat
How is it made?
e.g. Rutherglen, Australia
Amber~brown.
Sweet~luscious, oxidative aromas but still retaining varietal aromas.
Grapes picked ripe and healthy, some raisining permitted, fermentation on skins.
If luscious, ferment stopped at 2% abv then oxidative ageing in old wood.
Flavors of caramel, nuts and raisins, retains the floral, grapes character of the Muscat grape.
Malaga is a fortified wine from which country or region of origin?
Spain
How long must a Reserve Tawny Port be aged?
Min 7 yrs in wood
Give an example and simple tasting notes for an unaged Muscat
How is it made?
Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise - S. Rhone
Medium gold, floral and aromatic with pure varietal character.
Sweet but rarely luscious
Grapes ripe and healthy, crushed, some skin contact, cool ferment stopped with 96% abv grape spirit.
Stored inert before bottling
What is Mosto Cotto?
What is Sifone?
What are their purposes?
Mosto Cotto: Cooked grape must.
Sifone: A mistelle made from fortified unfermented grape must.
Added to Marsala wine in order to adjust color and sweetness.
In the 18th century, ________ was the most popular style of wine in the American colonies.
Madeira
What is the minimum aging required for Frasqueira Madeira?
20 years
Identify the style(s) of wine produced in Banyuls AOP:
Fortified White
Fortified Rosé
Fortified Red
What is the single biggest difference between Ruby and Tawny styles of Port?
Ruby Ports are matured protectively to minimise oxidation
Tawny Ports are deliberately oxidised
Briefly summarise how an autovinifier works
Crushed grapes placed in sealed vat
CO2 pressure from fermentation forces wine up pipes into holding tank
When CO2 pressure is reached, wine floods back down over cap
Process repeats every 15~20 mins
Which sherries are completely aged Biologically? Which two sherries start under flor before being transferred to oxidative Solera system?
Fino, Manzanilla and Pale Cream = 100% Biological
Amontillado and Palo Cortado starts Biologically then transferred to Oxidative Solera.
Also Medium sherry
What must be shown on the label of a bottle of Tawny with an indication of Age Port?
Why?
The year of bottling.
Because they start to lose their freshness after bottling
Describe the Douro Superior subregion and what it produces
The hottest, largest, driest and most easterly of the subregions.
Sparsely planted but produces top quality wine
Which are the two towns of the Portuguese Port trade situated, on the coast, North and South of the mouth of the River Douro?
Porto
Vila Nova de Gaia
When are Ports blended?
Through the entire production process
What grapes are authorized to produce sherry?
Palomino - vast majority
Pedro Ximinez
Muscat of Alexandria
Select the town(s) that Jerez-Xérès-Sherry can legally be matured in.
- Jerez de la Fronteira
- Sanlucar de Barrameida
- Puerto de Santa Maria
Sherry Vocab:
VOS / VORS
VOS: Vinum Optimum Signatum / Very Old Sherry, at least 20 years old.
VORS: Vinum Optimum Rarum Signatum / Very Old Rare Sherry, at least 30 years old.
What’s the climate like in the Sherry region?
Hot, sunny and Mediterranean, slightly cooler by the coast
High rainfall but limited in the growing season
What is the name of a newer type of terrace used in the Port region that allows some mechanisation (tractor access) by not having retaining walls?
Patamares
Two types of terracing in Port region face a potential risk.
What is the risk and which are the terracing types?
Soil erosion due to no retaining walls
Patamares and Vinho ao Alto
List the following styles of Rutherglen Muscat in order of average age (1 = youngest, 4 = oldest).
A. Classic
B. Grand
C. Rare
D. Muscat
- Muscat
- Classic
- Grand
- Rare
What are the 3 towns of the Sherry Triangle?
Jerez de la Frontera
Sanlucar de Barrameda
Puerto de Santa Maria
What do you call Fino sherry from Sanlucar?
How does it differ from that of Jerez and why?
How is it labelled if really minimal fining and filtering?
Manzanilla de Sanlucar de Barrameda
Cooler coast keeps Flor active all year = more tangy sherry
Minimal fining and filtering = En Rama
What’s a ‘Socalos’?
A traditional narrow terrace supported by Stone Walls
What is sobretablas?
A 6-12 month aging period that culminates in a second sorting process for flor-aged Sherry
What two grape varieties are most commonly used in the production of dry styles of Madeira?
Sercial or Verdelho