The Vine Flashcards
Factors that influence varietal selection
Color
Flavor
Budding time
Ripening time
Disease resistance
Clonal selection
Vines with positive mutations are selected for further propogation
Difficulties creating new varieties
No guarantee cross-pollination will work
Most die within 1 year
Need to wait 2-3 years to confirm positive results
No way of knowing new variety’s characteristics
Crossing
New variety made from two parents of the same species
All current grape varieties in use are technically crossings
Term is however normally reserved for new researcher-bred varieties (Muller Thurgau and Pinotage)
Hybrid
Vine with parents from two different species
Many have at least one American vine as a parent
Vidal
Hybrid American variety used in Canada
American vines phylloxera defense
Clogs its mouth of sticky sap
Sap makes protective layer on feeding wounds to prevent infection
Bench grafting
Automated process in nurseries
Key shaped hole in rootstock connects with key shape in vine
Joined by a machine and kept warm to encourage fusing
Head grafting
Used in the vineyard by grape growers with established plants that want to switch varieties
Existing vine cut to trunk
Bud or cutting of new variety is attached
Can produced new variety fruit next vintage instead of three years later
Infloresences
Bunches of flowers
An infloresence becomes bunch of grapes (1 flower per grape)
Tendril
Supporting structure to keep vine upright
Vines can’t support themselves
Wraps tightly around solid surfaces once sensed
One-year-old wood
Shoot that turned woody in the winter after growth
Buds on this become new shoots
Pruned once a year to either a can or a spur
Cane
Long one-year-old wood with 8 to 20 buds
Spur
Short one-year-old wood with 2 to 3 buds
Permanent wood
Wood that is more than one year old
Amount is restricted through pruning
Made up of trunk and arms of the vine
Principal functions of vine trunk
Raise vine off the ground
Provide support for the fruiting wood
Two-way conduit for nutrients and moisture to plant from soil and carbohydrates to roots
Axil
Angle between leaf stalk and cane
Gibberllins
Growth hormones that contribute to process of turning plant material into berries
Impact stem elongation, germination, dormancy, flowering, flower development, and leaf and fruit senescence
Internode
Length between two leaf positions
Determines number of buds. Shorter distance = more buds.
Relationship only occurs on cane-pruned vines
Temperature at which vine roots grow
10 C and above
Anther
Male part of the vine
Ovary
Female part of the vine
Crossbreeding process
Anthers from one grape are removed with tweezers (emasculation), then dusted on ovaries of the other grape
Bag placed over flower to protect from infection
Bag removed once flower has been fertilized
Rooted cuttings
25-30 cm of a vine
Placed in cutting bed and allowed to grow
Benefits of rooted cuttings
Easy. Can be done in a farmer’s own vineyard
Cheap
Weaknesses of rooted cuttings
Phylloxera
Disease transfer is highly likely
Callus
Cells that form around graft tissue, sealing scion and rootstock together
Problems that lead to failed grafts
Poor size-matching between scion and rootstock
Weak callus development
Disease
Field grafting
AKA chip budding
Grafting single bud directly onto already planted rootstock
Only works in very warm climates (where likelihood of success with new plantings is lowest)
Provignage
Layering
Used to replace single dead vines
Shoot from neighbor vine stuck in ground and up again
Eventually develops roots
Benefits of provignage
Can extend vineyard life indefinitely
New plantings can gain positive attributes from parents
Weaknesses of provignage
New vines are on own roots = risk of phylloxera
New plantings can inherit negative attributes and diseases from parents
Repiquage
Planting new vines among existing older vines
