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D1 (Condensed) > The Growing Environment > Flashcards

The Growing Environment Flashcards

1
Q

Fruit set

A

Vine flowers and small grapes form

Occurs late spring to early summer

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2
Q

Five things a vine needs

A

Heat

Sunlight

Carbon Dioxide

Water

Nutrients

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3
Q

Importance of heat

A

Too high or low means the vine will not develop

Heat determines which varieties can grow where

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4
Q

Coldest vine temp

A

10 C

Causes dormancy in winter

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5
Q

Factors affecting heat

A

Latitude

Altitude

Ocean currents

Fog

Soil

Aspect

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6
Q

Latitude (heat)

A

Must be between 30 and 50 degrees north and south of the equator

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7
Q

Altitude (heat)

A

As altitude increases, temp drops

Means grapes can be grown closer to equator in some regions (Cafayate in Argentina)

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8
Q

Ocean currents (heat)

A

Can create localized warming or cooling in certain regions

Allows for grape growing in otherwise unsustainable regions

Humboldt current in Chile

Benguela current in South Africa

Gulf Stream in NW Europe

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9
Q

Humboldt Current

A

Ocean current that cools Chile

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10
Q

Benguela Current

A

Ocean current that cools South Africa

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11
Q

Gulf Stream

A

Ocean current that cools NW Europe

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12
Q

Fog (heat)

A

Can cool otherwise warm areas

Top vineyards in California

Casablanca Valley in Chile

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13
Q

Soil (heat)

A

Dark soils and soils with high stone and rock content absorb and reradiate heat better than lighter soils

Critical in some cooler regions

High water content soils need more energy to heat up and conduct heat away from vines

Can delay budburst

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14
Q

Aspect (heat)

A

Direction in which a slope faces

Facing equator = most heat

Steep slopes get best effect (Mosel)

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15
Q

Continentality

A

Temp diff between coldest and hottest months

High continentality = large diff

Areas near large water bodies generally low cont (water heats and cools slowly)

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16
Q

Dirunal range

A

Diff between day and night temps

Cool nights slow aroma and acidity loss

Warm nights accelerate ripening

Proximity to water bodies reduces diurnal range

Cloud cover reduces diurnality

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17
Q

Winter temp hazards

A

-20 C = serious vine damage or death

Graft is most at risk/Earthing up can help

If mild or no winter, vine might produce a second crop

Shortens vine life and grape quality and increases pest risk

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18
Q

Spring frost hazards

A

0C air on ground kills newly burst buds and young shoots

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19
Q

Spring frost protection

A

Heaters

Wind machines

Sprinklers

Thoughtful vineyard design

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20
Q

Heaters

A

Generated heat creates air movement

Prevents cold air from settling around vine

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21
Q

Wind machines

A

Draws warm air from above to keep ground above freezing

Might have heaters built in

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22
Q

Sprinklers

A

Covers vines in ice

As water freezes, heat released into vine

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23
Q

Thoughtful vineyard design

A

Planting vines away from bottom of slope (on middle slope)

Also train vines high to avoid worst cold

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24
Q

Sunlight

A

Creates glucose and oxygen from CO2 and water (photosynthesis)

More light = more glucose

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25
Q

Factors affecting sunlight

A

Latitude

Seas and lakes

Aspect

26
Q

Latitude (sunlight)

A

Day length lenghtens with distance from equator (helps Riesling ripen in Germany)

27
Q

Seas and lakes (sunlight)

A

Large water bodies = more cloud cover = less sunlight

Some vineyards get reflected sunlight from rivers and lakes

28
Q

Aspect (sunlight)

A

Steeper slopes get more sunlight

Distance from equator = weaker sun energy = best to have high aspect

29
Q

Sunlight hazards

A

Lack of sunlight during flowering and fruit set can make smaller crops

Lack of sunlight can stop photosynthesis and leading to underripening

Direct light = sunburn = bitter flavors

30
Q

Water

A

Photosynthesis

Swelling during ripening

31
Q

Transpiration

A

Water drawing from roots up to leaves

32
Q

Leaf canopy

A

Helps control sunlight exposure

Once established water supply can be limited to focus vine on grape ripening over shoot growth

33
Q

Main irrigation techniques

A

Drip

Sprinklers

Flood

34
Q

Drip irrigation

A

Most advanced and expensive

Each vine has computer controlled dripper to optimize water distribution

35
Q

Sprinklers (irrigation)

A

Widely used

Cheaper than drip

Waste a lot of water and can create damp conditions (increase disease risk)

36
Q

Flood irrigation

A

Very cheap

Only possible in flat or gently sloping vineyards with easy access to large quantities of water

37
Q

Water hazards

A

Drought

Too much water

Hail

38
Q

Drought (water)

A

Short water shortage = stopped transpiration

Prolonged shortage or drought = water stress

39
Q

Too much water

A

Vine continues to grow shoots and leaves = less sugar for grapes

Extra leaves = more shading = restricted grape ripening

Waterlogging avoided by planting on slope or flat sites or installing drainage

40
Q

Hail (water)

A

Can damage grapes, vines, and entire crops

Mendoza (Argentina) at risk

Netting can protect against

Multiple vineyards in several locations can help mitigate damage

41
Q

Climate

A

Annual pattern of temperature, ,sunlight, and rainfall averaged over several years

42
Q

Weather

A

Annual variation relative to climatic average

43
Q

Northern hemisphere growing season

A

April to October

44
Q

Southern hemisphere growing season

A

October to April

45
Q

Cool climate

A

Average growing season temp of 16.5 C or less

46
Q

Moderate climate

A

average 16.5 to 18.5 C

47
Q

Warm climate

A

average 18.5 to 21 C

48
Q

Hot climate

A

average above 20 C

49
Q

Continental climate

A

High continentality

Short summers with sharp temp drop in autumn

50
Q

Cool continental climate

A

Chablis and Champagne

Risk of spring frost and low growing season temp

Best for late budding and early ripening varieties

51
Q

Maritime climate

A

Low continentality

Cool to moderate temperature

Even rainfall

Good for late ripening grapes

Risk of early rainfall

52
Q

Mediterranean climate

A

Low continentality

Warm and dry summers

Med, Coastal California, Chile, South Africa, SE Australia

More warmth and sunlight than Maritime

53
Q

Mediterranean climate wine

A

Fuller-bodied

Riper tannin

Higher alcohol

Lower acidity

54
Q

Soil location

A

Above bedrock

Few centimeters to several meters deep

Comprised of small particles, larger stones, humus

55
Q

Humus

A

Decomposing plant and animal materials

Rich in plant nutrients

Excellent water retention

56
Q

Stones: sand: and clay

A

Size is crucial

Stones are largest, sand, clay

57
Q

Water storage in soil

A

Binds to clay particle or humus

Sand particles and stones facilitate drainage

If too much sand or stone, irrigation might be needed

58
Q

Vine water needs

A

Good supply in early season

Mild water stress at veraison

59
Q

Loam

A

Mix of sand and clay particles

Found in many of the best vineyards

60
Q

Important vine nutrients

A

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Potassium

61
Q

Chlorosis

A

Symptom of nutrient lack

Yellow leaves and restricted photosynthesis

Can be solved with fertilizer

D1 (Condensed) (8 decks)

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