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WSET 3 - NVWA by CHT > The Vine > Flashcards

The Vine Flashcards

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1
Q

Two important species in modern Viticulture (grape growing)

A

A - Vitis Vinifera (main Eurasian species)
B - American vines (rootstocks)

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2
Q

Vitis Vinifera has how many grape varieties

A

Thousands

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3
Q

Principle differences for consumers between grape varieties

A

Colour
Flavour
(both come from the grape itself)

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4
Q

Grape selection criteria / factors

A
  • budding times
  • ripening times
  • colour
  • flavour
  • disease resistance
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5
Q

Can grapes be grown using seeds

A

No

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6
Q

To preserve unique grape varietal (cultivar) qualities

A
  • cutting
  • layering
    (new plant is identical to original)
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7
Q

Cutting is

A

a section of a vine shoot (green) that is planted and then grows as a new plant (widely used in commercial nurseries)

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8
Q

Layering

A

Used in the vineyard, bend down a cane, bury a section, make sure the end / cane tip is pointing upwards out of the ground. When the section takes root, the part connected to the original plant is cut. Not used as much now because of phylloxera risk.

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9
Q

Grape variety is a

A

group of individual plants that can trace their lineage back through series of cuttings and/or layerings to a single plant

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10
Q

Vine variety = grape variety

A

Variety = cultivar

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11
Q

Individual grape varieties are genetically identical, but

A

Mutations sometimes occur when the vine grows

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12
Q

Positive mutations result in

A

better quality fruit
better disease resistance

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13
Q

Vines with positives mutations are

A

selected for further propagation by cutting or layering

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14
Q

Clonal section is

A

vines with positive mutations that are selected for further propagation by cutting or layering

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15
Q

In grape growing, each individual vine or group of vines that shows a particular set of unique characteristics is known as a

A

clone

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16
Q

Clone differences are often small and clones are still considered

A

to be from the same grape variety

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17
Q

When ordering new plants, growers often

A

specify which clone they would like in addition to the grape variety

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18
Q

Significant effect mutations mean

A

resulting plants are treated as a new variety (even though they are still clones of the original plant)

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19
Q

Ancient variety Pinot resulted in

A

grape varieties Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gris, Pinot Noir, and Meunier

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20
Q

Researchers searching for grape varietals to thrive in

A

certain climates
soil conditions
improved disease resistance

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21
Q

Cross fertilisation Creates a New Variety by

A

Pollen from a male part of the flower of one vine is transferred to the female part of the flower on another vine and fertilisation occurs, then the new grape & seeds are planted creating a new variety

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22
Q

Genetic material of cross fertilisation is different

A

from the two parent plants - even if the parent vines are from the same grape variety

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23
Q

New varieties come to market

A

infrequently, because consumers resist new varieties

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24
Q

With seed planting, growers

A

must wait at least 2-3 years before vines flower and produce grapes to see the new characteristics

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25
Q

Grapevine genetics are now used

A

by scientists to select offspring with characteristics they desire

26
Q

Crossing

A

New variety produced from two parents of the same species

27
Q

Cabernet Sauvignon

A

Cabernet Franc X Sauvignon Blanc

28
Q

Bred by researchers, Muller Thurgau is

A

Riesling X Madeleine Royale

29
Q

Bred by researchers, Pinotage is

A

Pinot Noir X Cinsault

30
Q

Hybrids are

A

vine whose parents come from at least two different vine species (typically have one American vine as a parent)

31
Q

American vines are

A

Rarely used for winemaking, but crucial role for rootstock

32
Q

Vidal (grown in Canada for icewine) is

A

a hybrid used for wine

33
Q

Phylloxera is

A

an insect (underground louse) that lives underground and feeds on a vine’s roots

34
Q

American vines are resistant

A

to Phylloxera by clogging its mouth with sticky sap, and form protective layers behind the feeding wound preventing secondary infections

35
Q

Where is Phylloxera NOT a problem

A

Chile, some parts of Argentina and South Australia

36
Q

What protects against Phylloxera

A

Only strict quarantine procedures - it cannot be controlled with chemicals

37
Q

What struck Europe in the late 19th century

A

Phylloxera - Vitis Vinifera was not resistant, but American Rootstock could be used by graft

38
Q

Rootstocks can also

A

protect agains nemadtodes
provide better drought resistance

39
Q

Grafting is the technique

A

used to joint a rootstock to a Vitis Vinifera variety

40
Q

What are two main types of grafting?

A

Bench grafting, and
Head grafting

41
Q

Bench grafting happens

A

by a specialist in a plant nursery - short cane sections of both varieties are joined by a machine and stored in a warm environment encouraging the two parts to fuse

42
Q

Head grafting happens

A

in the vineyard when an established vineyard decides to switch varieties between seasons

43
Q

What is head grafting?

A

Existing vine is cut back to its trunk, a bud or cutting of the new variety is grafted to that trunk.

44
Q

Why head graft?

A
  • If head graft is successful, the new variety will produce fruit that next year,
  • cheaper than replanting a whole vineyard
  • variety starts life with an established root system
  • allows grower to quickly adjust to market demand
45
Q

Newly planted vines take how long to produce a commercially viable crop

A

at least three years

46
Q

Vidal, a French hybrid is from

A

Ugni Blanc (trebbiano) plus Seibel 4986 (Rayon d’or)
Makes good icewine in Canada

47
Q

Vines have four sections

A
  • green parts
  • one year old wood
  • permanent wood (trunk)
  • roots
48
Q

Green parts, grow new each year and include

A
  • shoot (principal structure)
  • leaves
  • buds (between leaf and shoot become next years shoots)
  • tendrils (supporting structure)
  • flowers or berries
49
Q

One year old wood is a

A

shoot that turned woody during the winter after it grows green

50
Q

One year old wood management is vital because

A

vines will normally only produce fruit on shoots that grow from buds that developed the previous year

51
Q

Every winter the vine is pruned to either a

A

Cane or
Spur

52
Q

A cane is one year old wood with

A

length
8-20 buds

53
Q

A spur is one year old wood with

A

short piece of one year old with two to three buds

54
Q

Permanent wood is

A

more than one year old, and made up of truck and (where present) arms of the vine

55
Q

The amount of permanent wood is

A

restricted by pruning

56
Q

Roots function to

A
  • absorb water and nutrients from the soil
  • anchor the vine
  • store carbohydrates to allow the vine to survive winter
57
Q

In modern vineyards, most vitis vinifera are

A

grafted onto other species’ root systems that are phylloxera resistant

58
Q

Vine Arm is also called

A

Cordon and is permanent wood

59
Q

One year old wood can be either a

A

Cane (8-20 buds) or a
Spur (2-3 buds)

60
Q

Head grafting is often

A
  • canes held into place with tape
  • painted with pruning paint to protect the wound
61
Q

Newly planted bench grafted vines are often

A

protected with wax at the joining location between the two sections of cane

WSET 3 - NVWA by CHT (5 decks)

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