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WSET 3 - NVWA by CHT > Growing Environment > Flashcards

Growing Environment Flashcards

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1
Q

What 5 things does a vine need

A
  • heat
  • sunlight
  • water
  • nutrients
  • C02 (carbon dioxide)
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2
Q

Winter =

A

dormant vines, no green parts

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3
Q

Spring =

A

budburst, start of growing season, new shoots begin to grow

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4
Q

Late Spring & Early Summer =

A

vine flowering, small hard green grapes form known as fruit set

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5
Q

Fruit set =

A

small hard green grapes form from flowers

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6
Q

Summer =

A

small hard green grapes continue to grow in size, but are still green in colour, high acid & low sugar

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7
Q

Late Summer & Early Autumn =

A

grapes start to ripen (verasion - colour change), grapes swell with water, sugar rises, acids levels drop, flavours develop - first sign is colour change green to blue/black, pink or golden

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8
Q

Veraison is

A

colour change in late summer or early fall, grapes change from green and hard to blue/black, pink, or golden

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9
Q

Late Autumn =

A

harvest, growing season ends, leaves drop

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10
Q

Vine needs heat -

A

too cold = no growth, struggle to survive

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11
Q

Sunlight converts

A

carbon dioxide (C02) and water to glucose (sugar) and oxygen

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12
Q

Photosynthesis

A

uses sunlight to convert CO2 (carbon dioxide) and water to glucose (sugar) and oxygen (O2)

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13
Q

Vine combines Glucose & Nutrients

A

to support growth and MOSTLY to ripen grapes

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14
Q

Nutrients come from the

A

SOIL

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15
Q

Oxygen is lost through

A

leaves

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16
Q

Temps below

A

50F too cold for vines to grow

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17
Q

Sufficient heat needed for

A

successful flowering, fruit set, and ripening

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18
Q

Riesling can thrive

A

in cooler climates

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19
Q

Grenache needs

A

warmer climates

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20
Q

Factors affecting heat include

A

Latitude
Altitude
Ocean currents
Fog
Soil
Aspect - face equator

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21
Q

Latitude

A

(30d to 50d)

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22
Q

Altitude

A

Cafayate in northern Argentina, higher altitude moderates heat

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23
Q

Ocean currents

A

Humboldt - Chile, Benguela - South Africa -cooling
Gulf Stream - NW Europe - warming

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24
Q

Fog

A

Helps cool an otherwise hot area
top vineyards in California
Casablanca Valley - Chile

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25
Q

Soil

A

dark, stone & rock = absorb and re-radiate heat = ripen fruit in cooler climates
high water content - delay bud burst = heats slowly
Priorat Spain - stony soil

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26
Q

Aspect - slope face

A

Mosel, DE - steeper slopes, facing equator
Esp. important in cooler climates
Steeper slopes benefit even more

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27
Q

Continentality

A

Variation of heat between seasons (summer and winter)

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28
Q

Diurnal range

A

Variation of heat between daytime and night-time

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29
Q

High continentality

A

big range between seasonal temperature ranges

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30
Q

Low continentality

A

less variation in temperatures throughout the year

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31
Q

Seas, lakes, and rivers help

A

moderate continentality

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32
Q

Seas, lakes, and rivers

A

heat up and cool down more slowly than landmasses

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33
Q

Seas, lakes, and rivers

A

warming effect in winter

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34
Q

Seas, lakes, and rivers

A

cooling effect in summer

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35
Q

Heat

A

Sun
Reflected from soil (stones/dark soil)
Winter warming from large bodies of water

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36
Q

Carbon Dioxide

A

CO2 - from atmosphere

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37
Q

Sunlight

A

Reflected from water
Sun

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38
Q

Oxygen

A

from photosynthesis
leaves combine CO2 & water to produce glucose (sugar) and oxygen

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39
Q

Water

A

rainfall
irrigation
water stored in soil

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40
Q

Nutrients

A

soil particles
humus (plant & animal)
fertiliser

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41
Q

Large bodies of water

A

lower continentality

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42
Q

Far inland locations

A

high continentality

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43
Q

Continentality determines

A

length of growing season
impact on total heat available to a fine
successful grape varieties here

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44
Q

Cool nights help

A

slow loss of aromas and acidity

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45
Q

Warm nights

A

accelerate ripening

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46
Q

Large diurnal range

A

fresher wines
more aromatics

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47
Q

Proximity to water bodies

A

reduce diurnal range - limit changes in heat and cool because water heats and cools more slowly

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48
Q

Water bodies help

A

keep warm at night
cooling breezes during day

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49
Q

Cloud cover (near seas and lakes)

A

affect diurnal range - clouds insulate, rise more slowly during day, sunlight cannot heat ground directly

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50
Q

Temps drop more quickly on clear nights

A

increasing diurnal range

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51
Q

Temps Below -4F

A

serious damage or kill vines

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52
Q

Earthing up - piling earth around graft

A

helps protect vines from winter freeze

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53
Q

Mild or no winter

A

> one crop per year
- no vine dormancy
- vines life shortened
- grapes will suffer
- larger insect pests to attack the vine in summer (don’t die off b/c no winter

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54
Q

Spring frosts

A

below 32F
freeze water vapor near ground
kills new bud burst or shoots
damage yield

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55
Q

4 Ways to minimize frost risk

A

Heaters
Wind machines
Sprinklers
Vineyard design

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56
Q

Heaters minimize frost

A

by creating air movement preventing cold air from settling

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57
Q

Wind machines minimize frost

A

large fans, draw warm air from above to keep ground level temps from freezing, some have heaters

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58
Q

Sprinklers minimize frost

A

by spraying water onto vines, as it freezes, it releases some heat into the plant tissue protecting buds and shoots

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59
Q

Vineyard design minimizes frost by

A

plant on slopes, avoid depressions, vines trained higher than frost levels

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60
Q

cold spring temps may

A

delay budburst
shorten growing season
limits full grape ripening

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61
Q

Flowering and fruit set

A

disrupted by cold temps, result smaller than average grape crop

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62
Q

very hot temps

A

harmful, vine activity slows to stop (even with water), prevents grapes from ripening

63
Q

Extreme hot temps

A

vine will die
hot and dry could mean fires

64
Q

Fires have affected

A

California, Chile & Australia in recent years

65
Q

Vineyards damaged and winery buildings destroyed

A

by fire

66
Q

smoke affects

A

a much larger area

67
Q

smoke creates

A

smoky or plastic like aromas in wines from smoky grapes

68
Q

minimize smoke tainted fruit

A

ways to do it - milk on grapes

69
Q

Photosynthesis requires

A

sunlight and water and CO2

70
Q

Photosynthesis takes

A

sunlight, water, and CO2 and creates glucose (sugar) and oxygen (out from leaves)

71
Q

Glucose from photosynthesis

A

is required for growing and ripening grapes

72
Q

Constant sunshine is

A

not necessary for photosynthesis

73
Q

Cloudy or foggy conditions

A

reduce photosynthesis & sugar accumulation

74
Q

Flowering and fruit set

A

benefit from plenty of sunlight

75
Q

Factors affecting sunlight

A

Latitude
Seas & lakes & rivers
Aspect

76
Q

Latitude affects sunlight

A
  • day length is longer during summer growing season the further from the equator
  • extra sunlight helps Riesling ripen in Germany
77
Q

Seas and lakes (& rivers) affect sunlight

A

-areas near them get more cloud cover
-also they can reflect sunlight from the water surface

78
Q

Regions at the center of large land masses

A

get more sun

79
Q

Aspect - slope direction and steepness

A

slopes facing equator receive the most sunlight
steep slopes benefit more

80
Q

Distance from the Equator

A
  • lessens the sun’s energy
  • vineyards closer to the Poles need favorable aspect more
81
Q

Sunlight hazards

A

intense sun=sunburn meaning bitter flavor in skins
heavy cloud cover = stop grapes from fully ripening
cloudy conditions during flowering and fruit set = smaller grape crops

82
Q

Vine canopy can manage

A

sunburn to maximize sunlight in cloudy areas or increase shade in extremely sunny regions

83
Q

Vines need

A

water for photosynthesis - it comes up from roots to leaves

84
Q

The amount of water needed is

A

determined by temperature

85
Q

loss of moisture through leaves

A

through evaporation

86
Q

Transpiration is

A

loss of water through leaves

87
Q

Warmer temps increase

A

water evaporation through leaves, vines need more water from the soil to compensate

88
Q

Sufficient canopy allows

A

more limited water supply

89
Q

Limiting water supply can

A

benefit grape ripening

90
Q

Water shortage can

A

allow the vine to concentrate on grape ripening (rather than shoot growth)

91
Q

Water shortage can

A

reduce shading impact because the canopy will not grow further or too large

92
Q

three main irrigation techniques (if local laws allow)

A

drip
sprinkler
flood

93
Q

Drip irrigation is

A
  • most common
  • each vine has its own
  • can be computer controlled for optimum
94
Q

Sprinklers

A

pump water and shower it over vines

95
Q

Sprinklers

A

waste water, create damp conditions increasing disease risk, can be used for frost protection

96
Q

Flood irrigation

A

is very cheap, only possible in flat or very gently sloping vineyards, must have access to large quantities of water

97
Q

Drought

A

vine can temporarily stop transpiration to preserve resources

98
Q

Prolonged drought

A

vines suffer water street
photosynthesis stops
leaves wilt
grapes fail to ripen
could weaken and kill vines

99
Q

too much water

A
  • vines continue to grow shoots and leaves
  • less sugar for grape ripening
  • increases shading also restricting ripening
  • waterlogged soil can kill roots through lack of oxygen
100
Q

Avoid waterlogging by

A
  • vines on a slope
  • installing drainage pipes for level vineyards
101
Q

Heavy rainfall in spring can

A
  • disrupt flowering and fruit set
  • reduce grape count
  • create damp conditions that encourage fungal diseases
102
Q

Heavy rainfall before harvest can

A
  • cause berries to swell excessively
  • dilute flavours in wine
  • berries to split and attract fungus
103
Q

Hail damages in spring include

A
  • damage fruit set and flowering
  • damage grapes and vines
104
Q

Prone to hail are

A

Mendoza in Argentina

105
Q

Hail storms often

A

localized - to protect, have several vineyards in different locations

106
Q

Hail impact can be limited by

A
  • a variety of locations
  • netting over vines
107
Q

Climate includes

A

temperature, sunlight, water availability

108
Q

Climate is

A

average annual pattern of temperature, sunlight, and rainfall over several years (alters over decades)

109
Q

Climate records show

A
  • sustained increase in average air and ocean temperatures
  • increased variability and extreme events
110
Q

Weather is

A

annual variations relative to climate

111
Q

Amount and timing of rainfall and warmth vary

A

considerably in Bordeaux, France

112
Q

Bordeaux was

A

cool wet vintage 2013
warm dry vintage 2015

113
Q

Central Valley in California weather

A

more predictable, hot dry weather

114
Q

Regional temperature is

A

average temp during growing season

115
Q

Growing season is

A

April to October - Northern Hemisphere
October to April - Southern Hemisphere

116
Q

Cool climate is

A

average growing season temps below 62F

117
Q

Moderate climate is

A

average growing season temps 62F - 65F

118
Q

Warm climate is

A

average growing season temps 65F - 70F

119
Q

Hot climate is

A

average growing season temps 70F plus

120
Q

Continental climate is

A
  • greatest / high continentality
  • short summers
  • large, rapid temp drops in fall
  • dry summers (if hot temp, then irrigation is needed)
121
Q

Cool continental climate

A
  • like Chablis & Champagne in France
  • risk of spring frost
  • risk of cooler temps in growing season - affecting fruit set and ripening
  • better suited to bud late / ripen early varieties
122
Q

Maritime climate is

A
  • cool to moderate temps
  • low continentality
  • rainfall evenly throughout year helping moderate temps
  • warm enough grapes ripen into autumn
  • rainfall in spring and summer can harm flowering, fruitset, and grape health at harvest
123
Q

Mediterranean climate is

A
  • low continentality
  • warm and dry summers
  • like the Mediterranean
  • like coastal California, Chile, South Africa, & Australia
  • extra warmth and sunlight lead to fuller body, riper tannin, higher alcohol, lower acidity
  • lower rainfall can be good or in extreme lead to drought
124
Q

Soil provides

A

water and nutrients

125
Q

Soils sits

A
  • above bedrock
  • can be inches to meters deep
126
Q

Soil is made of

A
  • tiny particles of various sizes
  • larger stones
  • rocks and humus
127
Q

Soil composition

A

is important

128
Q

Soil particle size

A

is crucial

129
Q

Stones are the

A

largest soil particle size

130
Q

Stones can help

A

hold heat in a vineyard

131
Q

Of the tiny soil particles, Sand is the

A

largest

132
Q

Of the tiny soil particles, Clay is the

A

smallest

133
Q

Humus is made of

A

decomposing animal and plant materials

134
Q

Humus is

A

rich in nutrients

135
Q

Humus has

A

great water retention properties

136
Q

Grape quality is affected by

A

the amount of water available in the soil

137
Q

Ideally a vine needs

A

good supply of water early in the growing season to support strong leaf and shoot growth

138
Q

Ideally a vine needs

A

mild water stress after VERASION to promote grape ripening

139
Q

Water is stored in soil by

A

binding to humus or clay particles

140
Q

Too much clay

A

allows soil to waterlog and can kill vines

141
Q

Sand particles and stones

A

do not hold water, drain well

142
Q

Too much sand or stone

A

may not allow sufficient water to be retained

143
Q

Loam is

A

the best mixture of sand and clay particles
has good drainage, but retains enough water for vine growth

144
Q

Soil suitability depends on

A

temperature, rainfall in an area

145
Q

The most important soil nutrients for a vine are

A
  • nitrogen
  • phosphorus
  • potassium
146
Q

Is any one soil type idea for vines

A

no - it varies by climate and varietal

147
Q

Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium occur

A

naturally in the soil and are taken up by vine roots

148
Q

If nutrients are too high

A

the vines leaves grow too vigorously, create a dense canopy, and provide too much shade for grapes to grow

149
Q

Over time, nutrients in the soil

A

are depleted and must be replaced

150
Q

Chlorosis is

A
  • caused by a lack of nutrients
  • turns leaves yellow
  • restricted vines ability to photosynthesize
151
Q

Grapes struggle to ripen in Chlorosis and

A

grape quality and quantity is reduced

152
Q

Chlorosis may be solved by

A

appropriate fertilizers added to the soil

153
Q

Soil and vine nutrition impact

A
  • quality and quantity of grapes
  • quality of finished wine
154
Q

Chlorosis is often

A

a chalky soil issue

WSET 3 - NVWA by CHT (5 decks)

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