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WSET Diploma - D1 > The vine > Flashcards

The vine Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the most important grape species used in wine production

A

Vitis Vinifera which is indigenous to Euroasia

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2
Q

What are the most important North American species

A

Vitis Lambrusca
Vitis Riparia
Vitis Berlandieri
Vitis Rupestris

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3
Q

What is the main function of North American vine species

A

North American vine are globaly used as rootstocks

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4
Q

The structure of the vines can be divided into which sections

A

The shoots
One-yeard-old wood
Permanent wood
The roots

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5
Q

What are the major structures of the shoots

A

Buds

Leaves

Lateral shoots

Tendrils

Inflorescenses/grape bunches

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6
Q

How are the shoots and all of their major structures collective called

A

CANOPY

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7
Q

When does the shoots grow and from where

A

Spring time and they come from buds which were retained from the previous year

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8
Q

What is the function of main axis of the shoots

A

Transport water and solutes to and from the different structures
Solutes include sugar and minerals
It is also a store of carbohydrates

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9
Q

How is the little swellings along the shoots called

A

Nodes
The length in between the nodes is called internodes

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10
Q

What happen with the vine in late summer

A

The leaves fall from the vine and the green shoots lignify becoming woody rigid and brown which it is called CANE from that point on

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11
Q

How is the lignified shoots called

A

CANE

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12
Q

Why is the vine pruned during winter

A

To leave the necessary structures for the next growing season

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13
Q

Where are the buds formed

A

Between the leaf stalk (petiole) and the stem

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14
Q

What does the bud contain

A

Strucures in miniature that will become green parts of the vine including stem buds tendrils leaves and often inflorescences

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15
Q

What are the main types of buds

A 
Compound buds (also called Talent buds)
Prompt buds
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16
Q

Describe Compound Bud

A

Form in one growing season and break open in the next growing season

Within the compound bud there is a primary bud (main one) secondary bud and terciary bud

Secondary and terciary only grow when the primary bud is damaged (e.g. spring frost)

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17
Q

Deascribe Prompt Bud

A

Form and break open in the same growing season.
They form on the primary shoots and produce lateral shoots

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18
Q

What is the main function of Lateral shoots

A

To allow the plant to carry on growing if the primary shoot is damaged or eaten

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19
Q

What is the advantage of Lateral shoots

A

Can provide additional source of leaves for photosynthesis, if they are near the end of the primary shoots and benefit from sunlight.

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20
Q

What are the disadvantages of Lateral shoots

A

If it grows near the base of the primary shoot it may impede air flow and can shade the fruit too much.
They may be removed in summer pruning

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21
Q

How is lateral shoots also known and what may hapen when Lateral shoots produce inflorescenses

A

It can be known as Second Crop as it becomes bunches of grapes later than those on the main stem and hence ripes later
If havested at the same time the bunches of the second crop will be higher in acidity lower in sugar and may have unripe tannins and aromas/flavours in black grapes and less colour development

22
Q

How can negative effects of Lateral shoots (Second Crop) be avoided

A

It can be removed during growing season by green harvesting. This technique enhances the ripeness process and improve uniformity of the remaing bunches

23
Q

What are Tendrils

A

Structures that support the shoots

They enable the vine to attach themselves to other plant (in wild) or trellis

(Growers tend not to trust the tendrills to hold the vine to the trellis on their own and they tie it in the cane)

24
Q

What is the main function of the leaves to the vine development

A

The main function of the leaves is the site of the photosynthesis The sugars prroduced during photosynthesis is used for vine growth and metabolism

25
Q

What is Stomata

A

Stomata are pores open on the underside of the leaves letting water diffuse out and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis to enter.

26
Q

What is TRANSPIRATION of the leaves

A

As water diffuses from leaf a process called TRANSPIRATION draws water and nutrients from the soil up through the vine to the leaves

27
Q

What hapen to the stomata when the vine is water stressed

A

The Stomata partially closes to conserve water but this limits photosynthesis by preventing carbon dioxide from entering the vine

28
Q

What is the inflorescence

A

It is cluster of flowers on a stem which will become a bunch of grapes at fruit set stage

29
Q

How many inflorescences are there in a shoot

A

It depends on the grape variety but it is usually between one and three

30
Q

What is a bunch of grapes

A

It is fertilised inflorescence

Not all the the flowers in the inflorescence will successfully become grapes

31
Q

What may happen if the bunch of grape is to tight

A

They are more prone to fungal deseases due to possible grape-skin splitting during growth and lack of air flow through the bunch

Example Pinot Noir.

32
Q

What is grape

A

A type of berry

33
Q

What are grapes made up of

A

Pulp
Skin
Seeds

34
Q

Describe the grape Pulp

A

It makes up the majority of the weight and volume of the grape

It contains
water
sugar
acids
some aromas compounds and aromas precursors

In most cases it is colourless except teinturier varieties like Alicante Bouschet

35
Q

What is the importance of the grape Skin

A

The skin contains a high concentration of aroma compounds and aroma precursors tannins and colour compounds

Skins of black grapes have much more tannins and colour than skins of white grapes

36
Q

Describe the grape Seeds

A

Seeds mature inside the grape and turn yellow to dark brown

It contains oil tannins and embryo which can grow into a new plant

37
Q

What is one-year-old wood

A

It is the shoot from previous growing season that was not removed at pruning
The amount of one-year-old wood will depend on the pruning and training decisions
The one-year-old wood supports the compound buds that will break to release the shoots for the upcoming growing season

38
Q

What is permanent wood

A

These are the woody parts of the vine that are older than one year including the trunk
Depending on pruning and training decisions, some vines have one or more horizontal arms typically called CORDONS

39
Q

What is the main function of the permanent wood/cordons

A

Transport water and solutes to and from different parts of the vine and also store carbohydrates and nutrients

40
Q

What are the main function of the roots for the vine development

A

They are important to anchor the vine and for the uptake of water and nutrients
They also store carbohydrates and produce hormones for vine growth and grape ripening
In most cases vines are grafted on rootstock
Water and nutrients are absorbed at the root tips

41
Q

What are the methods of vine propagation

A

Cutting method
Layering method

42
Q

Describe Cutting vine propagation method and the advantages and disadvantages

A

A section of a vine shoot is cut and planted as a new plant. This is the most common vine propagation method
Advantages:
It can take many cutting and propagated at the same time
It also permits the use of rootstock onto which the vine cutting can be grafted before it is planted
The vine cuttings can alo be treated against deseases

Disadvantages:
Requires skilled labour and more time consuming

43
Q

Describe Layering vine propagation method and the advantages and disadvantages

A

It is a technique to fill the gaps in a vineyard, due to the death of a vine for instance, by using shoots from an established neighbouring vine to produce a new vine
A cane is bent down and a section of it is buried in the ground. The tip of the cane points up and when roots from the buried section is established the link with original vine is cut

Advantages. It is a simpler method than cutting and grafting

Diadvantages: It can not be grafted on rootstock as it grows on its own and therefore no protection against philoxera and no specific quality possibly offered by a chosen rootstock

44
Q

Can vines be propagated through seeds

A

No
Vines that grow through seeds are not usually genetically identical to the parent vines

45
Q

Do cutting and layering vine propagation methods produce vines that are genetically identical to the parent vine

A

Yes
However at each cell division during plant growth there is the risk that radomm mutations in the genetic codes may occur

46
Q

What is Clone Selection

A

It is the selection and propagation by cutting technique of vines with particularly favourable characteristics
Clonal Selection has given rise to different Clones within a grape variety

47
Q

Why would a grower prefer the Pinot Noir Clone 115 (Low yield and smaller grapes)

A

If the grower intends to produce high quality red wine
The lower yield and smaller grape will be more favourable for concentration of Tannins and colour from the skins

48
Q

Why would a grower prefer the Pinot Noir Clone 521 (higher yield and bigger grapes)

A

If the grower intends to produce sparkling wine because higher concentration of tannins and colour from the skins are not needed for sparkling wines

49
Q

What is the advantage of having a vineyard relatively uniform with one only clone

A

If all the vines grow in the same way and ripen at the same time as each other management of the vineyard becomes simpler

50
Q

What is the disadvantage of having a vineyard relatively uniform with one only clone

A

As there is less diversity in the fruit, there is potencially less complexity and balance (if this is required)
Additionally all vines are likely to be equally suscepitable to a disease or pest

51
Q

What is Mass Selection

A

The technique requires that vineyard owners take cuttings from different vines in their own vineyard and cultivate the cuttings.
Advantages:
-To increase diversity of planting materials
-Vineyard owner will use their own unique planting material rather than buying from local nursery.
Disadvantage:
-This is costly in terms of time and labour

52
Q

What is the difference between cross grape variety and hybrid grape variety

A

Cross grape variety is an offspring of two different grape varieties of the SAME SPECIES. (ex. Pinotage is a cross of Pinot Noir and Cinsaut)
Hybrid grape variety is an offspring of two different grape varieties of DIFFERENT SPECIES (ex; Vidal Blanc which is from the V. Vinefera Ugni Blanc and Saibel Family (American parentage)

WSET Diploma - D1 (3 decks)

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