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the vertebral column Flashcards

1
Q

how many vertebra in the spinal column?

A

33

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2
Q

how many cervical?

A

7

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3
Q

how many thoracic?

A

12

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4
Q

how many lumbar?

A

5

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5
Q

how many fused sacral?

A

5

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6
Q

how many coccygeal?

A

4

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7
Q

how many intervertebral disks?

A

23

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8
Q

“roof” to protect the spinal cord

A

lamina

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9
Q

connect with the vertebra above/below

A

articular processes

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10
Q

sites for muscle attachments

A

spinous and transverse processes (SP, TP)

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11
Q

what do the articular processes resist? and where does it transmit the forces that it resists?

A

shear, compression, tensile and torsional forces

to laminae

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12
Q

where does the lamina transfer forces through?

A

pars interarticularis from the spinous and articular processes to pedicles

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13
Q

what do the spinous processes resist and where do they transmit the forces they resist?

A

compression

laminae

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14
Q

spondylolysis/spondylolisthesis

A

fracture to pars interarticularis

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15
Q

where does spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis occur?

A

L5-S1

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16
Q

what is the function of intervertebral discs?

A

increase available motion and transmit load

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17
Q

what movements and articulations do the interbody (cartilaginous) joints perform?

A

sliding
distraction
compression
tilting

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18
Q

what articulation and movement does zygapophyseal (synovial) joints perform?

A

gliding/sliding

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19
Q

what structures resist extension?

A

anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL)

Anterior Atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial membranes

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20
Q

up to where does the ALL extend?

A

C2-Sacrum

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21
Q

where is the ALL thickest in?

A

lordotic regions

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22
Q

where is the tensile strength (2x PLL) in the ALL the greatest?

A

lumbar

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23
Q

what are the anterior atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial membranes?

A

extension of ALL from C2-occiput

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24
Q

what structures resist flexion?

A

PLL
Ligamentum Flavum
Interspinous ligament
Supraspinous ligament

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25
what resists lateral flexion?
inter-transverse ligament
26
what resists rotation?
alar ligaments facet/ZAJ capsules
27
what does the alar ligament limit?
ipsilateral lateral flexion and contralateral rotation
28
what does the facet/ZAJ Capsules resist?
forward flexion and rotation
29
coupling
consistent association of one motion about an axis with another motion around a different axis
30
what is the amount of motion dependent on?
size of the discs
31
what is the direction of motion determined by?
orientation of facets
32
what is the GENERAL vertebral motion for flexion?
body ANT tilts inferior facets slide forward
33
what is the GENERAL vertebral motion for extension?
body POSTS tilts superior facets slide downward
34
what is the GENERAL vertebral motion for lateral flexion?
intervertebral foramen opens contralateral side rotation accompanies downslide of the ipsilateral facet up-slide of the contralateral facet
35
what resists axial compression?
discs and vertebral bodies
36
what resists torsion?
annulus fibers/facet joints
37
what resists shear?
lumbar - resisted by facets
38
flexion: anterior --> (?) posterior --> (?) limited by?
compression tension limited by post outer annulus, facet capsules, post ligaments, mm
39
extension: anterior --> (?) posterior --> (?) limited by?
anterior: tension posterior: compression limited by anterior outer annulus, facet capsules, anterior ligaments, SP
40
lateral bending ipsilateral --> (?) contralateral --> (?)
compression tension
41
what does the ligamentum nuchae resist?
resists flexion
42
alar ligaments: side bend to the RIGHT causes contralateral occipital fibers to become --> (?) ipsilateral C1 fibers to become --> (?)
tight taut
43
upper cervical (OA JOINT): flexion/extension CONVEX ON CONVAVE flexion = rolls ____, slides _____ extension = rolls ____, slides ______
anterior, posterior posterior, anterior
44
upper cervical (C0-C2): lateral flexion: coupled with? rotation: coupled with?
contralateral rotation coupled with contralateral lateral flexion
45
what is the main difference between UPPER CERVICAL kinematics and LOWER CERVICAL kinematics in regards to lateral flexion and rotation coupling?
upper cervical: lateral flexion and rotation coupling is OPPOSITE (contralateral coupling pattern) lower cervical: lateral flexion and rotation coupling is the SAME (ipsilateral coupling pattern)
46
lower cervical (C2-C7): FLEXION
anterior tilt and slide coupled UP slide of the ZAJ
47
lower cervical (C2-C7): EXTENSION
posterior tilt and slide coupled DOWN slide of the ZAJ
48
where is the greatest range of FLX/EXT for lower cervical?
C5/C6
49
where is there a relative decrease in flexion/extension for lower cervical?
C6-C7
50
lower cervical (C2-C7): lateral flexion is coupled with?
ipsilateral rotation
51
lower cervical (C2-C7): rotation is coupled with?
ipsilateral lateral flexion
52
lower cervical (C2-C7): R lateral flexion causes what motions at the interbody joints and ZAJ
ipsilateral tilt and slide at the interbody joints (to the R) ipsilateral DOWN slide of R ZAJ contralateral UP slide of L ZAJ
53
what limits the flexion of the thoracic region?
facet orientation rib cage PLL Ligamentum flavum interspinous ligaments ZAJs
54
what limits extension of the thoracic region?
structure (SP, laminae, ZAJ facets) Tension: ALL, ZAJ joint capsules, and abdominals
55
thoracic kinematics: lateral flexion is coupled with axial rotation of what direction?
ipsilateral flexion or side bend is coupled with ipsilateral rotation
56
thoracic kinematics: rotation of a segment causes ribs to shift how?
left ribs shift posteriorly with left trunk rotation right ribs shift anteriorly with left trunk rotation posterior ipsilateral rib (MORE CONCAVE) anterior contralateral rib (less concave)
57
what does the iliolumbar ligament prevent?
anterior displacement of L5 due to shear forces and all movements of L5 and S1
58
lumbar kinematics: FLX/EXT: tilt and slide occur in what direction
the SAME direction
59
lumbar kinematics: ROTATION: body tilt and slide translate?? how are the ZAJ moving?
ipsilaterally ipsilateral ZAJ distracts (rotate right, left side is compressed) contralateral ZAJ compresses
60
lumbar kinematics: LATERAL FLEXION: body tilt and slide translate?? how are the ZAJ moving?
ipsilaterally DOWN slide of ipsilateral ZAJ UP slide of contralateral ZAJ
61
what is lumbopelvic rhythm?
forward bending: lumbar flexion followed by anterior pelvic tilt return to erect stance: posterior pelvic tilt followed by lumbar extension
62
lumbar interbody joints bear how much of compressive forces...and facets?
80% and 20%
63
what position produces bodyweight compression?
standing
64
what is nutation in sacrum kinematics?
sacral base rotate anterior on fixed innominate
65
what is an anterior pelvic tilt in sacrum kinematics?
innominate and sacrum move anteriorly together and is associated with hip flexion
66
what is counternutation in sacrum kinematics?
sacral base rotates posteriorly on the fixed innominate
67
what is a posterior pelvic tilt in sacrum kinematics?
innominate and sacrum move posteriorly together associated with hip extension
68
what is nutation resisted by?
sacrotuberous, sacrospinous, and anterior sacroiliac ligaments
69
what is counternutation resisted by?
long posterior sacroiliac lig
70
true or false: irregular joint surfaces may increase stability but decrease mobility
true
71
upper thorax (2-7): what movement does the ribs do?
pump handle action
72
lower thorax: what movement does the ribs do?
bucket handle action
73
what are the primary muscles for ventilation?
diaphragm, intercostals, scalenes
74
what are the accessory muscles for ventilation?
SCM and traps pec major subclavius serratus posterior and inferior abdominals

movement science (6 decks)

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