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movement science > joint structure and muscle function > Flashcards

joint structure and muscle function Flashcards

1
Q

what is Wolff’s Law?

A

bones will adapt based on stress or demands placed on them

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2
Q

what are the structure types of joints?

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial

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3
Q

what are the movement types of joints?

A

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis

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4
Q

synarthrosis

A

nearly immobile joint (sutures in the skull)

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5
Q

amphiarthrosis

A

joint with limited mobility (balances with stability and mobility such as the spine)

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6
Q

diarthrosis

A

wide range of motion in multiple directions

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7
Q

fibrous joints

A

joined together by fibrous interosseous connect tissue

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8
Q

suture joit

A

bone edges interlock one another

frontal and parietal bones of skull early in life

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9
Q

gomphosis joint

A

peg in a hole joint

a tooth and either mandible or maxilla

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10
Q

syndesmosis

A

jointed by interosseous ligament

radius and ulna, tibia and fibula

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11
Q

synovial joints

A

no connective tissue directly unites bony surface

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12
Q

function of the inner synovial layer

A

provides lubrication, vascularization, and nutrition to cartilage

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13
Q

outer fibrous layer

A

dense irregular connective tissue with varying thickness

poor vascularity, good innervation

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14
Q

joint receptors:

stretch, usually at extremes of extension

A

ruffini

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15
Q

joint receptors:

compression or changes in hydrostatic pressure and joint movement

A

pacini or pacini form

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16
Q

joint receptors:

pressure and forceful joint motion into extremes of motion

A

golgi, golgi-mazzoni

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17
Q

joint receptors:

non-noxious and noxious mechanical stress or biomechanical stress

A

unmyelinated free nerve endings

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18
Q

synovial fluid:

hyaluronate

A

viscosity of fluid and essential for lubrication; synovial folds

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19
Q

synovial fluid:

lubricin

A

cartilage on cartilage lubrication

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20
Q

improve joint congruence, absorb compressive joint forces,
increase joint stability

A

menisci
labrums
discs

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21
Q

align joint surfaces, guide or restrain motion

A

ligaments

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22
Q

transmit forces developed by muscles for motion, active joint stabilization

A

tendon

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23
Q

what does a bursae do?

A

decrease friction

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24
Q

uniaxial joints and examples

A

hinge joint: humeroulnar
pivot joint: proximal radioulnar joint

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25
biaxial joints and examples
condyloid joint: radiocarpal joint saddle joint: first carpometacarpal joint
26
triaxial joint and examples
plane joint: intercarpal joint ball and socket joint: hip joint
27
osteokinematics
movement of bones for. physiologic joint motion
28
what is osteokinematics described by?
plane of movement axis of motion direction of movement
29
what is arthrokinematics?
movement of the joint surfaces
30
what are examples of arthrokinematics?
roll slide (glide) spin
31
roll
roll of one joint surface on another
32
slide
linear translation of one on another (often occur together)
33
spin
rotation
34
open chain
movement can take place at one joint without causing motion at another joint proximal segment is fixed
35
closed chain
often movement at one joint is accompanied by motion at another joint immobilization of one joint will impact motion at another joint distal segment is fixed
36
convex-concave rule
if convex moves on concave, roll and glide occur in opposite directions (CLOSED CHAIN) the distal segment is fixed
37
concave on convex
roll and glide occur in the same direction (open chain)
38
what surface is fixed on a closed chain for the femur on tibia? (convex or concave)
concave is fixed
39
what surface is fixed on an open chain for the tibia on femur? (convex or concave)
convex
40
what is closed packed joint play?
full congruence of surfaces usually extreme ROM capsule and ligament are taut joint is compressed minimal distraction is available no further movement
41
what is loose packed?
incongruent surfaces usually mid position ligaments and capsule laxity
42
what is maximal open packed position?
rest position
43
what is end feel for range of motion?
sensation felt by examiner performing passive movements
44
what is soft end feel?
limited by approximation of soft tissues
45
what is an example of soft end feel?
elbow flexion
46
what is firm end feel?
limited by capsuloligamentous structures
47
what is an example of firm end feel?
knee extension
48
what is hard end feel?
limited by bone
49
what is an example of hard end feel?
elbow extension
50
hypermobile
exceeds expected limits
51
hypomobile
less than expected
52
mechanical behaviors: isotropic material
display the same mechanical behavior no matter the direction of force applied
53
mechanical behaviors: anisotropic material
behave differently depending on the size and direction of applied force
54
toe region
laxity in tissue straightens
55
elastic region
returns to original shape and size after being deformed
56
yield point
point of no return
57
plastic region
residual deformation will be permanent
58
failure point
tear of break
59
stress
load per unit area that develops on a plane surface within a structure in response to externally applied loads
60
strain
deformation in response to an externally applied load
61
stiffness
resistance offered by material to external loads
62
what has an inverse relationship with compliance
stiffness
63
brittle
little deformation before failure (glass)
64
great deformation before failure
ductile (soft metals)
65
young's modulus
measurement of structure's ability to withstand changes in length
66
elasticity
ability to return to original length/shape
67
deformation is directly proportional to what?
applied forces or loads
68
true or false: high viscosity leads to high resistance to deformation
true
69
creep
tissue deformation gradually continues if force is maintained
70
stress-relaxation
as tissue is stretched to a fixed length, less force is required to maintain that length overtime
71
strain-rate sensitivity
tissue response varies based on load speed if load is applied rapidly, tissue is stuffer. Thus larger force required to deform tissue
72
is stability greatest in closed packed or open packed position?
closed packed
73
type I fiber
slow oxidative
74
where are type I fibers used?
stability, postural, tonic
75
do type I fibers fatigue rapidly?
do not fatigue rapidly
76
type II fibers used for?
mobility, phasic produce more force and higher power output
77
Type IIA
fast oxidative glycolytic - intermediate
78
type IIB
fast glycolytic
79
what muscles are type II fibers?
hamstrings and gastrocnemius
80
layers of the muscular connective tissue
endomysium > perimysium > epimysium
81
superficial fascia
contributes to mobility of skin and acts as insulator
82
deep fascia
attach to muscle/bones and can form tracts, bands, or retinaculae
83
active insufficiency
decreased force capability due to shortened state of agonist; influenced by lengthening state of antagonist
84
muscle fiber length
amount of muscle fiber can shorten or lengthen is dependent upon the number of sarcomeres
85
physiological cross sectional area
amount of force directly proportional to number of sarcomeres side by side
86
how is passive tension developed?
in parallel elastic components of muscle
87
what is an example of passive tension?
stretching the muscle as muscle shortens, parallel components become less stretched
88
how is active tension developed?
by contractile elements of the muscle initiated by cross bridge formation
89
what is the equation for optimal sarcomere length at which muscle fiber can develop maximal tension?
1.2 x resting length
90
what is the force-velocity relationship?
ability of a muscle to generate force is affected by speed at which a concentric or eccentric contraction occurs
91
force-velocity relationship: concentric
a force development increases, velocity of the contraction will decrease
92
force velocity relationship: isometric
contractile velocity is zero, force is greater than concentric
93
force velocity relationship: eccentric
as force development increases, velocity of contraction will also increase
94
passive insufficiency
antagonist is not long enough to permit full ROM of all joints
95
short position - sarcomere
decrease number of sarcomeres increase sarcomere length
96
long position - sarcomere
increase number of sarcomeres decrease sarcomere length hypertrophy than atrophy
97
type 1
most tension
98
type 2
compression
99
type 3
tension
100
if distal attachment lies close to joint axis, think ______
rotation
101
if distal attachment lies away from joint axis, think _____
compression (stability)

movement science (6 decks)

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