the velum/ultrasound Flashcards
what is the Palatine aponeurosis
flat sheet of tendon
goes all through the velum
gives us nice structure for stabilizing or transferring of force
levator veli palatini origin, insertion, function
▶ Origin: Petrous part of temporal bone and cartilage of the Eustachian tube.
▶ Insertion: Palatine aponeurosis of the soft palate.
▶ Function: Elevates the soft palate to close off the nasopharynx.
tensor veli palatini origin, insertion, function
Origin: Sphenoid bone
▶ Insertion: Palatine aponeurosis.
▶ Function: Tenses the soft palate and opens the Eustachian tube.
palatoglossus origin, insertion, function
▶ Origin: Palatine aponeurosis of the soft palate.
▶ Insertion: Lateral sides of the tongue.
▶ Function: Draws the soft palate towards the tongue and narrows the
oropharyngeal isthmus.
▶ Forms a complete ring.
Palatopharyngeus origin, insertion, function
Origin: Palatine aponeurosis and the hard palate.
▶ Insertion: Thyroid cartilage and the pharyngeal wall.
▶ Function: Lowers the soft palate and narrows the pharyngeal cavity.
musuculus uvulae origin, insertion, function
origin: palatine bone
insertion: uvula
Function: Elevates and thickens the uvula, assisting in closing the nasopharynx (creating tight seal for oral sounds)
The _____ muscle connects the tongue and velum, influencing their
positions and the resultant speech sounds.
palatoglossus
The trapdoor method involves the velum ____ to form a complete seal with the
rear ____
▶ Key muscle: _____
rising, pharyngeal wall, Levator palati.
what are the 3 alternative methods of VPP closure and what constrictor do 2 of them utilize
circular method, circular with passavant’s ridge, and sagittal method
circular method and sagittal method use the superior pharyngeal constrictor
what is the passavant’s ridge
temporary muscular ridge formed to give extra assistance for the velum to push against and create a seal
what is the nasal continuum hyp
Nasality in speech is not a binary feature (nasal vs. oral) but
rather exists along a continuum.
▶ Largest VPO observed during ___ ____, indicating the velum is most open
when not engaged in articulating speech sounds.
speech pauses
Utilized _____ software for precise measurement of VPO from X-ray images,
based on the count of black pixels indicating open space.
ImageJ
______ (before nasal consonants) led to greater VPO than
______ (after nasal consonants), challenging some previous
assumptions.
Anticipatory nasalization
carryover nasalization
Ultrasound devices use low-frequency/high-frequency sound waves for imaging.
high-frequency
▶ Infrasound: below __ Hz
▶ Audible sound: __ Hz to __ Hz
▶ Ultrasound: __ Hz to ∼__ MHz
▶ Hypersound: ____ ultrasound
20
20, 20,000
20,000, 100
above
_____ crystals are used to generate the waves.
what are these?
piezoelectric
Materials that can convert mechanical energy into electrical
energy and vice versa.
describe how sound transmission/interaction works, and what the issues are here
- soft tissue at the surface of the tongue meets air
- this mismatch in density between the 2 adjacent mediums - the transfer tries to happen but the problem is that if there is a big density difference between the 2 mediums, it will bounce back
- there is a failure of wave transfer because of this. the bounced signals (echos) will be captured by the probe
- The time it takes for the echoes to return to the transducer and the strength
(amplitude) of these echoes can tell us the distance and characteristics of the
tissues encountered
once the probe captures the echoes, what does it do with the info
creates images/real-time video of internal structures. Medical professionals can use these images to diagnose, monitor, and guide treatments.
what is better for tracking tongue contour deep edge or edge trak
deep edge
when looking at contour analysis of the tongue, what would it mean if the lines are breaking apart at the front
that there is a significant difference between the 2 sounds, because the front part of the tongue is not touching
t/f there is a significant amount of manipulation of tongue frontness and backness when producing vowels
false. neither are actually manipulated much
what 4 things are ultrasounds mainly used for
▶ Tongue shapes/fronting/retraction in vowels
▶ Tongue root advancement/retraction in vowels
▶ Tongue shape in bunched vs. retroflexed [r]’s
▶ At least one study used it to measure velum movement
