The use of data Flashcards
on average how many patients consult their GP about their health
20%
% patients move on to hospital
3%
severity of illness does not accurately parallel
severity of disease
up to 50% of gp appointments are patients with
no disease
Sources of info influencing uptake of care
Peers, family, internet TV, health pages of newspaper or women’s mag, practice leaflet or website
factors affecting uptake of care- medical vs non-medical
medical - new symptoms, visible symptoms, increasing severity, duration etc
non medical - crisis, peer pressure “wife sent me”, patient beliefs, expectations, social class, economic, psychological, environmental, cultural, ethnic, age, gender, media
atrial fibrillation diagnosis
irregularly irregular QRS and absent p waves
Epidemiology has 3 main aims , what are they
Description
Explanation
Disease control
What is description
- describe amount and distribution of disease in human populations
What is explanation
To elucidate the natural history and identify aetiological factors for disease usually by combining epidemiological data with data from other disciplines such as biochemistry, occupational health and genetics.
What is disease control
To provide the basis on which preventive measures, public health practices and therapeutic strategies can be developed,
implemented, monitored and evaluated for the purposes of disease control.
Epidemiology compares groups to detect differences pointing to what ?
Aetiological clues (what causes the problem)
, The scope for prevention,
The identification of high risk or priority groups in society.
clinical medicine deals with.. epidemiology deals with..
individual patient
populations
What is incidence
the number of new cases of a disease in a population in a specified period of time
What is prevalence
the number of people in a population with a specific disease at a single point in time or in a defined period of time
What is relative risk a measure of
the strength of an association between a suspected risk factor and the disease under study.
name sources of epidemiological data (loads)
Mortality data Hospital and clinical activity statistics Reproductive health statistics Infectious disease statistics Cancer statistics Accident statistics General practice morbidity statistics Health and household surveys Labour force surveys Social security statistics Drug misuse databases
What is health literacy
people having the knowledge, skills, understanding and confidence to use health information, to be active partners in their care, and to navigate health and social care systems.
Newer drugs that don’t require regular testing like warfarin
NOAC’S
What are the 3 outcomes of the SIGN guidelines
Help health and social care professionals and patients understand medical evidence and use it to make decisions about healthcare
Reduce unwarranted variations in practice and make sure patients get the best care available, no matter where they live
Improve healthcare across Scotland by focusing on patient-important outcomes
Name different types of studies
descriptive studies
cross - sectional
co-hort studies
case - control studies
cross - sectional studies are
single point in time observations
descriptive studies
attempt to describe the amount and distribution of a disease in a given population
what is the definitive method for assessment treatment in medicine
randomised controlled trial
Interpreting Results : factors to consider
Standardisation, Standardised Mortality Ratio
Quality of Data, case definition coding and classification and ascertainment
Name the 5 types of bias
Selection Bias Information Bias Follow up Bias Systematic Error Publication bias
What is a confounding factor an give examples
one which is associated independently with both the disease and with the exposure under investigation and so distorts the relationship between the exposure and disease
AGE, SEX , SOCIAL CLASS
Some examples of criteria for casualty
Strength of association Consistency Specificity Temporality Biological gradient Coherence Analogy Experiment
Audit criteria and standards
Need to set criteria and standards to measure
Could define own - Time consuming - Needs more research
or
Could utilise others if available
Guidelines based on systematic review of evidence
might look where for audit guidelines
NICE
