The use of data

Question 1

on average how many patients consult their GP about their health

Answer 1

20%

Question 2

% patients move on to hospital

Answer 2

3%

Question 3

severity of illness does not accurately parallel

Answer 3

severity of disease

Question 4

up to 50% of gp appointments are patients with

Answer 4

no disease

Question 5

Sources of info influencing uptake of care

Answer 5

Peers, family, internet TV, health pages of newspaper or women’s mag, practice leaflet or website

Question 6

factors affecting uptake of care- medical vs non-medical

Answer 6

medical - new symptoms, visible symptoms, increasing severity, duration etc

non medical - crisis, peer pressure “wife sent me”, patient beliefs, expectations, social class, economic, psychological, environmental, cultural, ethnic, age, gender, media

Question 7

atrial fibrillation diagnosis

Answer 7

irregularly irregular QRS and absent p waves

Question 8

Epidemiology has 3 main aims , what are they

Answer 8

Description

Explanation

Disease control

Question 9

What is description

Answer 9

• describe amount and distribution of disease in human populations

Question 10

What is explanation

Answer 10

To elucidate the natural history and identify aetiological factors for disease usually by combining epidemiological data with data from other disciplines such as biochemistry, occupational health and genetics.

Question 11

What is disease control

Answer 11

To provide the basis on which preventive measures, public health practices and therapeutic strategies can be developed,
implemented, monitored and evaluated for the purposes of disease control.

Question 12

Epidemiology compares groups to detect differences pointing to what ?

Answer 12

Aetiological clues (what causes the problem)
, The scope for prevention,
The identification of high risk or priority groups in society.

Question 13

clinical medicine deals with.. epidemiology deals with..

Answer 13

individual patient

populations

Question 14

What is incidence

Answer 14

the number of new cases of a disease in a population in a specified period of time

Question 15

What is prevalence

Answer 15

the number of people in a population with a specific disease at a single point in time or in a defined period of time

Question 16

What is relative risk a measure of

Answer 16

the strength of an association between a suspected risk factor and the disease under study.

Question 17

name sources of epidemiological data (loads)

Answer 17

Mortality data
Hospital and clinical activity statistics
Reproductive health statistics
Infectious disease statistics
Cancer statistics
Accident statistics
General practice morbidity statistics
Health and household surveys
Labour force surveys
Social security statistics
Drug misuse databases

Question 18

What is health literacy

Answer 18

people having the knowledge, skills, understanding and confidence to use health information, to be active partners in their care, and to navigate health and social care systems.

Question 19

Newer drugs that don’t require regular testing like warfarin

Answer 19

NOAC’S

Question 20

What are the 3 outcomes of the SIGN guidelines

Answer 20

Help health and social care professionals and patients understand medical evidence and use it to make decisions about healthcare

Reduce unwarranted variations in practice and make sure patients get the best care available, no matter where they live

Improve healthcare across Scotland by focusing on patient-important outcomes

Question 21

Name different types of studies

Answer 21

descriptive studies
cross - sectional
co-hort studies
case - control studies

Question 22

cross - sectional studies are

Answer 22

single point in time observations

Question 23

descriptive studies

Answer 23

attempt to describe the amount and distribution of a disease in a given population

Question 24

what is the definitive method for assessment treatment in medicine

Answer 24

randomised controlled trial

Question 25

Interpreting Results : factors to consider

Answer 25

Standardisation, Standardised Mortality Ratio

Quality of Data, case definition coding and classification and ascertainment

Question 26

Name the 5 types of bias

Answer 26

Selection Bias
Information Bias
Follow up Bias
Systematic Error
Publication bias

Question 27

What is a confounding factor an give examples

Answer 27

one which is associated independently with both the disease and with the exposure under investigation and so distorts the relationship between the exposure and disease
AGE, SEX , SOCIAL CLASS

Question 28

Some examples of criteria for casualty

Answer 28

Strength of association
Consistency
Specificity		
Temporality
Biological gradient
Coherence
Analogy
Experiment

Question 29

Audit criteria and standards

Answer 29

Need to set criteria and standards to measure

Could define own - Time consuming - Needs more research

or
Could utilise others if available
Guidelines based on systematic review of evidence

Question 30

might look where for audit guidelines

Answer 30

NICE