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Geography > The urban world > Flashcards

The urban world Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an LIC?

A

A low income country

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2
Q

What is a HIC?

A

A high income country

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3
Q

What is a NEE?

A

A newly emerging economy

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4
Q

Define ‘urban’

A

A resident population above 10,000

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5
Q

Define ‘rural’

A

A population of less than 10,000

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6
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

An increasing percentage of a city’s population

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7
Q

Define a ‘mega city’

A

A population of over 10 million people

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8
Q

Why are many LIC’s taking over in highest population from HIC’s in urban areas?

A

Because they are NEEs, they are still growing. Their rate of population increase is mostly higher on average than HICs

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9
Q

Define ‘natural increase’

A

Where there are more births than deaths, making the population grow

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10
Q

Define ‘net migration’

A

More people are moving in than leaving. Some migrants are forced and LICs are mostly rural to urban as they are pulled in by urban areas

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11
Q

What are the push factors for rural to urban migration?

A 
Disease
Lack of medication
Lack of food
Low income/ unemployment
Facilities are far away
Low education rate
Harder work than urban
Unpredictable working conditions
Poor housing
Lack of water
Low life expectancy
Natural disasters
War
Violent atmosphere
High infant mortality
Desertification
Lack of technology
Lack of clothing
No sanitation
Hard to commute
Lack of infrastructure
Lack of entertainment
Lack of opportunities
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12
Q

Pull factors for rural to urban migration

A 
High employment rate
High income
Better standard of housing
Education
Convenient facilities close by
Medication
Easy work
Guaranteed work conditions
Lots of water
High life expectancy
Prevention against natural disasters
Media influence
Safe atmosphere
Low infant mortality
No war
Services to repair
Advanced tech
Better sanitation
Easy travel
Effective infrastructure
Entertainment
Opportunity
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13
Q

What is counter-urbanisation?

A

When people move back out to the countryside. Many old people do this for a nice retirement.

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14
Q

Why are NEEs growing more rapidly than HICs?

A

NEEs have many rural dwellers migrating to urban areas due to pull and push factors
The lack of contraception in NEEs would boost the birth rate and natural increase boosts the population

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15
Q

Define ‘culturally diverse’

A

Having a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society

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16
Q

Birmingham has the youngest population in Europe, true or false?

A

True

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17
Q

What percentage of people are ethnic in Birmingham?

A

43%

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18
Q

What percentage of people are below the poverty line in Birmingham?

A

30%, and the national average is 14%

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19
Q

What percentage of Birmingham’s population are Pakistanis?

A

11%

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20
Q

Why is urban greening good?

A

Improved mental health
Environmentalists want trees
Attracts tourists
Looks nicer

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21
Q

The carbon footprint in Birmingham was reduced by how much in 2007?

A

60%

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22
Q

What is the most deprived part of Birmingham?

A

Sparkbrook

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23
Q

Why did everybody lose their jobs in Birmingham 1970?

A

The factories closed in 1970 so working class people lost their jobs

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24
Q

What are the disadvantages of sparkbrook?

A

High crime rates because of low education and employment rates
The rate of claiming benefits is more than 25% higher in sparksbrook
76 average life expectancy (Sutton is 85)

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25
Q

What’s the structure of Birmingham?

A

CBD- central business district
Inner city- factories
Suburbs- housing
Outer suburbs- housing to countryside

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26
Q

What is the zone of transition in Birmingham?

A

The inner city, because the factories are becoming houses

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27
Q

What is in the rural-urban fringe?

A 
Housing estates (cul-de-sacs)
Big warehouses and shops that need space and roads for deliveries
Airports for space
Farms and grassland
Parks
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28
Q

Define ‘urban sprawl’

A

Outward growth of cities into surrounding countryside

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29
Q

Why do more people commute in Birmingham now?

A

There’s been a shift of population from city centres to the suburbs and commuter settlements. This makes traffic pressure and adds air pollution. Birmingham has 200,000 commuters a day.

30
Q

What are greenfield sites?

A

Building new houses on countryside

31
Q

What are brownfield sites?

A

Building new houses on demolished factories

32
Q

What percentage of the world is urbanised?

A

55%

33
Q

What is the rate of urbanisation in HICs?

A

Low, as 80% already live in urban areas, so most people move away into rural areas for retirement

34
Q

What rate of urbanisation do LICs have?

A

High, as people want to move out of rural areas to urban areas, 70% live in rural areas

35
Q

Why do people live more in the south of England than the north?

A

The relief of England (how steep it is) affects it, so people live on flat land

36
Q

How do you notice different zones of a city on a map?

A

CBD - the middle of the city, most services in it. Possible a ring road around it

Inner city - mainly residential with some businesses and parks. Short roads.

Suburbs - towards the edge of the city. Mainly residential. Short, curved roads or cul-de-sacs

Rural-urban fringe - on the edge, farmland and open spaces like parks. Mixture of white space on the map

37
Q

How much waste is recycled in Curitiba?

A

70%

38
Q

Where is curitiba?

A

Brazil

39
Q

What was the hypothesis/aim in Digbeth?

A

Urban regeneration in Digbeth has been a success

40
Q

What is urban regeneration?

A

The attempt to decrease the city’s decline by both improving physical and economical factors of the inner city

41
Q

Why has Digbeth declined economically?

A

After 1960, the following globalisation (where companies moved out to other areas) made the industry decline and the area has become physically and socially deprived

42
Q

Why was Digbeth an appropriate location to investigate?

A

Urban regeneration has a clear geographical link, Digbeth had been undergoing regeneration and Digbeth was relatively low risk whilst showing signs of decline and deprivation

43
Q

Give examples of the regeneration taking place in Digbeth

A

The conversion of the custard factory into offices

Conversion of old industrial buildings into apartments, retail premises, offices and art facilities

The building of the HS2 train

44
Q

Why was Digbeth convenient to do research on?

A

It is easily accessible as an inner city of Birmingham and was only 40 minutes from school so we could do our research when it was light and safe.

There was also a safe location to drop us off at the bull ring bus station

45
Q

What is the deal for waste removal in Curitiba?

A

5kg of waste that you give to the government for recycling, they give 1kg of fruit and veg. This helps with diet problems as well as waste

46
Q

How does Curitiba conserve energy?

A

84% of power is hydroelectric

The ‘green line’ transport system dedicated bus lanes for biofuel buses.

All the streetlights are energy-efficient bulbs

47
Q

How does Curitiba conserve water?

A

The installation of water metres in homes and hosepipe bans

Also has separate systems for non-drinking water, so less drinking water is used

This makes Curitiba save 50% more than other countries

48
Q

How has Curitiba used green spaces to help?

A

This limits urban sprawl

People who build parks are exempt from paying taxes, promoting the environment

There are 28 parks in the city
This absorbs flood water so flood defences are not needed

49
Q

How does Curitiba handle waste?

A

Collects 100% of its waste of which 70% is recycled

‘The green exchange programme’ promotes recycling as citizens receive 1kg of food for every 4kg of recyclable waste collected

This led to the collection of 6800 tonnes of waste each year

50
Q

What problems do traffic congestion pose?

A

Lots of air pollution contributing to climate change

Make people late for work and delay deliveries, causing companies to lose money

A higher chance of accidents. Frustration for drivers, causes health issues for people breathing in the pollution. And can delay emergency vehicles

51
Q

How does public transport reduce traffic congestion?

A

An integrated transport system encourages people to use public transport instead of cars, as it means they can get linked rides to where they need to be without polluting

Self-service bicycles are available to hire, cheaper than other public transport and don’t pollute.

‘Oyster cards’ allow people to travel easily and quicker

52
Q

How can traffic be managed?

A

Pedestrianised shopping centres to keep traffic away, making it safer and less polluted

Bus priority lanes stop buses being help up in traffic making them more attractive

Parking restrictions make sure cars don’t block roads

Congestion charges discouraged people from entering the city at peak time

53
Q

What case study is an example of challenges in an LIC or NEE?

A

Rio de Janeiro

54
Q

How much less CO2 does Curitiba produce than other cities?

A

65%

55
Q

What case study is an example of challenges in a HIC?

A

Birmingham

56
Q

What case study is an example of a sustainable urban city?

A

Curitiba

57
Q

What’s a ‘favela’?

A

A squatter settlement built into the hillside on illegal land, however there are so many, the government turn a blind eye

58
Q

What is meant by the ‘informal sector’

A

Jobs that are created independently by people trying to get an income with no company or business. E.g, shoe shining, fruit and veg, rickshaw taxi

Hours are unreliable, pay is low and work can be dangerous (can work at any age)

59
Q

What is ‘Rocinha’?

A

The largest favela

Population- 75,000 officially but may be 3 times higher

60
Q

What is the population of Rocinha?

A

75,000 officially, but may be 3 times higher

61
Q

Why is building in Rocinha dangerous?

A

It’s on the side of a hill so landslides make building dangerous

62
Q

What are the challenges of Rocinha?

A 
Hard work to earn money
Lost of crime
Lack of education
Lots of work for limited income
Average life expectancy is 63
Open sewers lead to disease
84% of water is diseased
Drug problems
Air is 3-4 times more polluted than safety recommended
Water is 1.7 million times more dangerous than what would be considered dangerous in California
Unemployment rates over 20%
63
Q

What do the government give to the people of Rocinha?

A

Government gives the residents materials and they build their own homes, making them independent

64
Q

What is ‘Project Favela’?

A

A project set up by Scott Mills, to provide the people of Rocinha with education (speaking English) and new football parks provided they carry on their education. They also filter the water for the people there.

65
Q

What are the advantages of cable cars in Rocinha?

A

3km of cable cars were set up and this led to safe passage across town, without the risk of danger. It only costs 50p, a third of Rio’s metro

66
Q

What does the organisation ‘Favela Bairro’ do?

A 
Builds roads, sewer systems and sports centres
Relocated threatened families
Gives jobs and builds new towns
Improves education
Offering mortgages and loans
67
Q

What are the UPPs?

A

The pacifying police force in Rio

68
Q

What is the population of Rio?

A

12.5 million

69
Q

What portion of Rio’s population lives in a Favela?

A

One third

70
Q

What are self help plans?

A

When the residents are independent and help themselves (by building houses or educating themselves)

71
Q

What is random sampling, systematic sampling and stratified sampling?

A

Random sampling - random

Systematic sampling - taking samples at regular intervals

Stratified sampling - choosing samples from different groups to get an overall representation

72
Q

What is the difference between reliable, accurate and valid?

A

Accurate - results are near as possible to the true answer and have little error

Reliable - results can be reproduced

Valid - the data answers the question and is reliable

Geography (6 decks)

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