The urban world Flashcards
What is an LIC?
A low income country
What is a HIC?
A high income country
What is a NEE?
A newly emerging economy
Define ‘urban’
A resident population above 10,000
Define ‘rural’
A population of less than 10,000
What is urbanisation?
An increasing percentage of a city’s population
Define a ‘mega city’
A population of over 10 million people
Why are many LIC’s taking over in highest population from HIC’s in urban areas?
Because they are NEEs, they are still growing. Their rate of population increase is mostly higher on average than HICs
Define ‘natural increase’
Where there are more births than deaths, making the population grow
Define ‘net migration’
More people are moving in than leaving. Some migrants are forced and LICs are mostly rural to urban as they are pulled in by urban areas
What are the push factors for rural to urban migration?
Disease Lack of medication Lack of food Low income/ unemployment Facilities are far away Low education rate Harder work than urban Unpredictable working conditions Poor housing Lack of water Low life expectancy Natural disasters War Violent atmosphere High infant mortality Desertification Lack of technology Lack of clothing No sanitation Hard to commute Lack of infrastructure Lack of entertainment Lack of opportunities
Pull factors for rural to urban migration
High employment rate High income Better standard of housing Education Convenient facilities close by Medication Easy work Guaranteed work conditions Lots of water High life expectancy Prevention against natural disasters Media influence Safe atmosphere Low infant mortality No war Services to repair Advanced tech Better sanitation Easy travel Effective infrastructure Entertainment Opportunity
What is counter-urbanisation?
When people move back out to the countryside. Many old people do this for a nice retirement.
Why are NEEs growing more rapidly than HICs?
NEEs have many rural dwellers migrating to urban areas due to pull and push factors
The lack of contraception in NEEs would boost the birth rate and natural increase boosts the population
Define ‘culturally diverse’
Having a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society
Birmingham has the youngest population in Europe, true or false?
True
What percentage of people are ethnic in Birmingham?
43%
What percentage of people are below the poverty line in Birmingham?
30%, and the national average is 14%
What percentage of Birmingham’s population are Pakistanis?
11%
Why is urban greening good?
Improved mental health
Environmentalists want trees
Attracts tourists
Looks nicer
The carbon footprint in Birmingham was reduced by how much in 2007?
60%
What is the most deprived part of Birmingham?
Sparkbrook
Why did everybody lose their jobs in Birmingham 1970?
The factories closed in 1970 so working class people lost their jobs
What are the disadvantages of sparkbrook?
High crime rates because of low education and employment rates
The rate of claiming benefits is more than 25% higher in sparksbrook
76 average life expectancy (Sutton is 85)
What’s the structure of Birmingham?
CBD- central business district
Inner city- factories
Suburbs- housing
Outer suburbs- housing to countryside
What is the zone of transition in Birmingham?
The inner city, because the factories are becoming houses
What is in the rural-urban fringe?
Housing estates (cul-de-sacs) Big warehouses and shops that need space and roads for deliveries Airports for space Farms and grassland Parks
Define ‘urban sprawl’
Outward growth of cities into surrounding countryside
Why do more people commute in Birmingham now?
There’s been a shift of population from city centres to the suburbs and commuter settlements. This makes traffic pressure and adds air pollution. Birmingham has 200,000 commuters a day.
What are greenfield sites?
Building new houses on countryside
What are brownfield sites?
Building new houses on demolished factories
What percentage of the world is urbanised?
55%
What is the rate of urbanisation in HICs?
Low, as 80% already live in urban areas, so most people move away into rural areas for retirement
What rate of urbanisation do LICs have?
High, as people want to move out of rural areas to urban areas, 70% live in rural areas
Why do people live more in the south of England than the north?
The relief of England (how steep it is) affects it, so people live on flat land
How do you notice different zones of a city on a map?
CBD - the middle of the city, most services in it. Possible a ring road around it
Inner city - mainly residential with some businesses and parks. Short roads.
Suburbs - towards the edge of the city. Mainly residential. Short, curved roads or cul-de-sacs
Rural-urban fringe - on the edge, farmland and open spaces like parks. Mixture of white space on the map
How much waste is recycled in Curitiba?
70%
Where is curitiba?
Brazil
What was the hypothesis/aim in Digbeth?
Urban regeneration in Digbeth has been a success
What is urban regeneration?
The attempt to decrease the city’s decline by both improving physical and economical factors of the inner city
Why has Digbeth declined economically?
After 1960, the following globalisation (where companies moved out to other areas) made the industry decline and the area has become physically and socially deprived
Why was Digbeth an appropriate location to investigate?
Urban regeneration has a clear geographical link, Digbeth had been undergoing regeneration and Digbeth was relatively low risk whilst showing signs of decline and deprivation
Give examples of the regeneration taking place in Digbeth
The conversion of the custard factory into offices
Conversion of old industrial buildings into apartments, retail premises, offices and art facilities
The building of the HS2 train
Why was Digbeth convenient to do research on?
It is easily accessible as an inner city of Birmingham and was only 40 minutes from school so we could do our research when it was light and safe.
There was also a safe location to drop us off at the bull ring bus station
What is the deal for waste removal in Curitiba?
5kg of waste that you give to the government for recycling, they give 1kg of fruit and veg. This helps with diet problems as well as waste
How does Curitiba conserve energy?
84% of power is hydroelectric
The ‘green line’ transport system dedicated bus lanes for biofuel buses.
All the streetlights are energy-efficient bulbs
How does Curitiba conserve water?
The installation of water metres in homes and hosepipe bans
Also has separate systems for non-drinking water, so less drinking water is used
This makes Curitiba save 50% more than other countries
How has Curitiba used green spaces to help?
This limits urban sprawl
People who build parks are exempt from paying taxes, promoting the environment
There are 28 parks in the city
This absorbs flood water so flood defences are not needed
How does Curitiba handle waste?
Collects 100% of its waste of which 70% is recycled
‘The green exchange programme’ promotes recycling as citizens receive 1kg of food for every 4kg of recyclable waste collected
This led to the collection of 6800 tonnes of waste each year
What problems do traffic congestion pose?
Lots of air pollution contributing to climate change
Make people late for work and delay deliveries, causing companies to lose money
A higher chance of accidents. Frustration for drivers, causes health issues for people breathing in the pollution. And can delay emergency vehicles
How does public transport reduce traffic congestion?
An integrated transport system encourages people to use public transport instead of cars, as it means they can get linked rides to where they need to be without polluting
Self-service bicycles are available to hire, cheaper than other public transport and don’t pollute.
‘Oyster cards’ allow people to travel easily and quicker
How can traffic be managed?
Pedestrianised shopping centres to keep traffic away, making it safer and less polluted
Bus priority lanes stop buses being help up in traffic making them more attractive
Parking restrictions make sure cars don’t block roads
Congestion charges discouraged people from entering the city at peak time
What case study is an example of challenges in an LIC or NEE?
Rio de Janeiro
How much less CO2 does Curitiba produce than other cities?
65%
What case study is an example of challenges in a HIC?
Birmingham
What case study is an example of a sustainable urban city?
Curitiba
What’s a ‘favela’?
A squatter settlement built into the hillside on illegal land, however there are so many, the government turn a blind eye
What is meant by the ‘informal sector’
Jobs that are created independently by people trying to get an income with no company or business. E.g, shoe shining, fruit and veg, rickshaw taxi
Hours are unreliable, pay is low and work can be dangerous (can work at any age)
What is ‘Rocinha’?
The largest favela
Population- 75,000 officially but may be 3 times higher
What is the population of Rocinha?
75,000 officially, but may be 3 times higher
Why is building in Rocinha dangerous?
It’s on the side of a hill so landslides make building dangerous
What are the challenges of Rocinha?
Hard work to earn money Lost of crime Lack of education Lots of work for limited income Average life expectancy is 63 Open sewers lead to disease 84% of water is diseased Drug problems Air is 3-4 times more polluted than safety recommended Water is 1.7 million times more dangerous than what would be considered dangerous in California Unemployment rates over 20%
What do the government give to the people of Rocinha?
Government gives the residents materials and they build their own homes, making them independent
What is ‘Project Favela’?
A project set up by Scott Mills, to provide the people of Rocinha with education (speaking English) and new football parks provided they carry on their education. They also filter the water for the people there.
What are the advantages of cable cars in Rocinha?
3km of cable cars were set up and this led to safe passage across town, without the risk of danger. It only costs 50p, a third of Rio’s metro
What does the organisation ‘Favela Bairro’ do?
Builds roads, sewer systems and sports centres Relocated threatened families Gives jobs and builds new towns Improves education Offering mortgages and loans
What are the UPPs?
The pacifying police force in Rio
What is the population of Rio?
12.5 million
What portion of Rio’s population lives in a Favela?
One third
What are self help plans?
When the residents are independent and help themselves (by building houses or educating themselves)
What is random sampling, systematic sampling and stratified sampling?
Random sampling - random
Systematic sampling - taking samples at regular intervals
Stratified sampling - choosing samples from different groups to get an overall representation
What is the difference between reliable, accurate and valid?
Accurate - results are near as possible to the true answer and have little error
Reliable - results can be reproduced
Valid - the data answers the question and is reliable
