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Geography > The changing economic world > Flashcards

The changing economic world Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the development gap?

A

How different two countries are when comparing their HDI

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2
Q

What is GNI?

A

Gross National Income

The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year

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3
Q

What is GNI per head/capita?

A

The GNI divided by the population of the country

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4
Q

Why does measuring one statistic have downsides?

A

Because a country could be very rich but have awful life expectancy and standard of living

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5
Q

What is HDI?

A

Human development index

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6
Q

What does HDI account for

A

Income (GNI per head), life expectancy and literacy rates

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7
Q

What is a DTM and what does it show?

A

Demographic transition model

Shows how birth and death rates affect population growth

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8
Q

What is ‘natural decrease’

A

When the death rates are higher than the birth rates

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9
Q

What happens in stage 1 of a DTM?

A

Birth rate is high - no contraception

Death rate is high - disease and famine

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10
Q

What happens In stage 2 of a DTM?

A

The death rate drops as there’s better healthcare and agriculture provides food

Birth rate still high

Population grows

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11
Q

What happens in stage 3 of a DTM?

A

Birth rate follows death in its decrease as contraception is made

More women work instead of have kids

Death rate still falls as healthcare gets better

Population grows but slower

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12
Q

What happens in stage 4 of a DTM?

A

The birth rate and death rate are equal again - both being low

Contraception increases and more women work
Fewer children are needed on farms as the jobs are more manufacturing

Improved healthcare
Population is equal

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13
Q

What happens in stage 5 of a DTM?

A

The birth rate drops below the death rate as more people don’t want kids
Or can’t afford kids

Natural decrease starts

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14
Q

What types of environmental problems would affect a country’s development?

A

Poor climate - Too hot, dry or cold where not much will grow. Malnutrition
Fewer crops to sell so less money

Poor farming land - if it’s steep or infertile then can’t grow crops or graze animals

Few raw materials - no minerals to export, makes less money - some countries have them but can’t afford to mine them

Lots of natural disasters - rebuilding and losing money

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15
Q

What economic problems would affect a country’s development?

A

Poor trade links - not being near people

Lots of debt - poor countries borrow money and have to pay back with interest

Selling primary goods - primary goods are less profitable than manufactured goods- the cost also fluctuates depending on weather

Colonisation - the lack of independence leads to LICs

Conflict - money is spent on military and people die

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16
Q

What consequences does uneven development cause?

A

Wealth - more developed countries have higher GNI and thus affects people’s quality of life

Health - medicines are more in developed countries, so life expectancy in LICs is low. In LICs people have to give birth a lot in case their children die
Lack of medicine means people die from common diseases in LICs

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17
Q

Why does migration increase due to uneven development?

A

Many people move from LICs to HICs to avoid conflict or to improve their quality of life

The workers then contribute to HIC’s development, leaving their LIC in an even bigger development gap

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18
Q

What are strategies to reduce the development gap?

A

Investment - buy property or invest in businesses in LICs

Aid - money or resources are given to a country - often short term - projects such as schools can be left unfinished or wasted by corrupt governments

Fair trade - farmers get fair prices for their crops and a guarantee on price, although some consumers don’t like paying extra

Intermediate technology - giving cheap technology that will improve lives (solar heat stove)

Loans - gets them out of debt or gives money but Is often paid back with interest

Debt relief - gets rid of debt but doesn’t tell them how to manage money - they’re still poor and will go into debt again

Industrial development - production of factories

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19
Q

How did Kenya attract more tourists?

A

Visa fees for adults were cut by 50% in 2009 to make it cheaper to visit. They were also scrapped for children, encouraging families to visit

Landing fees at airports have droppped

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20
Q

What are the benefits of tourism for Kenya?

A

Their HDI has improved from 0.45 to 0.59

11% of their economy is tourism

New hotels and infrastructure creates jobs for Kenyans

Kenyans sell tourists things

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21
Q

What are the negatives of tourism for Kenya?

A

Only a small proportion of the money goes back to the locals, most go to the companies

Some communities have been forced off their land for tourist facilities

Tourist vehicles damage the environment and scare animals
Tourism is unreliable

22
Q

What is Kenya an example of in the form of an exam question?

A

How the growth of tourism in an LIC helps to reduce the development gap

23
Q

Where is Nigeria?

A

North west of Africa on the coast to the Atlantic Ocean

Northern hemisphere

24
Q

What global importance has Nigeria got?

A

In 2014, it became the worlds biggest economy

Supplies 2.7% of the worlds oil

Contributes to global financial services

Predicted to be the highest growing economy in the space of 5 years

25
Q

What national importance has Nigeria got?

A

Fastest growing economy of Africa

70% of population were in agriculture

Largest population in Africa

Problems with corruption and lack of infrastructure

Largest number of cattle in Africa (19 million)

26
Q

What is the history of Nigeria? Why is it underdeveloped?

A

Europe split Africa in 1883 and took their minerals and people

African nations became independent in 1960s - different people wanted power

Civil war took place for land

2011 - elections took place and trade with other countries was established

27
Q

What is the climate like in Nigeria?

A

The north is dry (Savannah - bordering the Sahel desert)
The south is wet - near the equator

Crops are grown in the south although cotton can be grown in the north

28
Q

What regional differences are there in Nigeria?

A

Urban areas have better facilities and medicine

60% of kids in urban areas get an education whilst 36% in rural areas get an education

North has more money as they can trade easier

29
Q

What industries are 83% of UK’s workforce?

A

Services - retail and entertainment (employs 4 million people)

Info tech - over 670,000 people work in IT

Finance - London has lots of financial including HSBC headquarters

Research - UK’s skilled graduates work in research and development (in 2016, over £33 billion was spent in research

30
Q

Where are science or business parks?

A

On the outskirts of cities near to housing and good transport links

Near universities so that they can work with university researchers

31
Q

Why have research parks increased?

A

There is a demand for high tech products - science parks can help develop new tech

Britain has many highly respected universities to link with

Clusters of related businesses in one area can boost each other

32
Q

What are the three main causes of economic change?

A

De-industrialisation

Globalisation

Government policies

33
Q

How does de-industrialisation cause economic change?

A

Machines take over jobs that people used to do in manufacturing industries

As other countries industrialise, they produce goods cheaply for the UK - this has caused some UK manufacturing industries to close

34
Q

How does Globalisation cause economic change?

A

Manufacturing has moved over seas where labour costs are lower

Some IT companies have moved to Britain (apple employs 6500 people in Britain)

Trade with other companies is very important (UK’s GDP from foreign trade went from 38% in the 1900s to 62% in 2017)

35
Q

How do government policies cause economic change?

A

Decisions on investment and support for businesses

Key manufacturing companies owned by the government become private leading to job losses but increased efficiency

They remove taxes and restrictions on companies to encourage entrepreneurs

36
Q

What effects does industry have on the physical environment?

A

Factories release greenhouse gases and running them uses lots of energy and water

Extracting minerals destroys habitats and releases toxic chemicals into the water

Modern industrial developments are more sustainable than older ones

37
Q

How is the UK improving its transport systems?

A

Capacity on motorway is being upgraded to ‘smart motorways’ with extra lanes

London’s rail capacity for trains is being increased by 10% (HS2 would increase capacity and be faster)

A third runway at Heathrow airport is being built however that would increase noise and air pollution

38
Q

How is the UK economy affecting rural areas?

A

The population of Lakeland decreased by 0.8% due to a decline in jobs from 2005

This means more shops and facilities in Lakeland have closed

However, Somerset increased by 7.8% from 2005 because its has easy access to Bristol

House prices rose but employment and wages are now above the national average

39
Q

Why is there a divide in the North and South of the UK economically?

A

The north has suffered from lack of manufacturing but the growth of post-industrial services (including trade) has been beneficial to the south

40
Q

What evidence is there for a north and south divide in the UK?

A

Wages are lower in the north

Health is generally lower in the north with a life expectancy of 72 years whereas south was 82

GCSE results are better in the south

41
Q

What is the UK doing to reduce the north-south divide?

A

Using money on schemes they feel will best benefit the local community (transport or regeneration projects)

Creating enterprise zones where companies get reduced taxes, improved infrastructure and financial benefits

Creating transport links between north cities and spending £70 million on improving schools

42
Q

Facts about Nigeria’s trade?

A

Main exports: petroleum, gas, rubber, cocoa

Main imports: petroleum, cars, phones, rice and wheat

45% of products go to EU

1/3 of imports is China and another 1/3 is EU
(EU Is the closest continent)

43
Q

Facts about quality of life in Nigeria

A

Nigeria still needs aid as 60% still live in poverty (aid is not spread evenly across Nigeria)

Most people live on one dollar a day

1/3 people don’t have clean water

44
Q

Facts about Malaria in Nigeria and the aid that helped close the development gap

A

Nigeria has one of the highest death rates from malaria in the world

Every 30s a child dies

50% have an attack malaria

60 million mosquito nets were given out by the world bank - healthier people can work and if they think their children are protected, they’ll have less kids

45
Q

What is the problem in Nigeria with using aid effectively?

A

Corruption from the government

Government may use it for military

Donors may have influence over where it goes

Money may be used to promote the commercial use of the donor

46
Q

How did Nigeria’s economic structure change from an LIC to an NEE?

A

LIC:
2/3 worked in farming
1/8 worked in industry

NEE:
1/3 worked in farming
1/3 worked in industry

47
Q

How does manufacturing boost Nigeria’s economy?

A

Manufacturing makes 10% of Nigeria’s GDP

Cheap labour for factories

Regular paid work gives people secure income and lets them buy more

Oil creates byproducts that can be used in other industries

Taxes increase as people get more money so government gets more money

Big industrial sectors bring in foreign investors and can establish links with the rest of the world

48
Q

What is a TNC?

A

Trans national corporation

A company that operates in several companies around the world. Has headquarters in one country (HIC) but has production plants in others (LIC)

49
Q

What is a host country?

A

Where the TNC operates on a daily basis

50
Q

What is a source country?

A

Where a TNC has its headquarters

51
Q

Why do TNCs operate in LICs?

A

Cheap labour
Lower taxes
Less laws (pollution, wages, human rights)
Access to a wider market

52
Q

What is the advantages and disadvantages of shell going to Nigeria?

A

Advantage: 26,000 people employed in total
90% of employed are local
Shell pays taxes
Provides charity (schools, health)

Disadvantages: Difficult working environments
Government don’t spend taxes on local people
Oil theft damages environment
Blaring - burning unwanted chases
Oil spills

Geography (6 decks)

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