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Geography > Natural hazards and climate change > Flashcards

Natural hazards and climate change Flashcards

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1
Q

Why does it rain?

A

air rises because it’s hot, there is an obstacle in the way (mountain) or because cold air forces it upwards. It then cools in the atmosphere. This creates condensation and clouds. Eventually, the clouds are too dense and rain falls

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2
Q

What does low pressure systems bring?

A

Clouds and rainfall, as hot air rises and cools

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3
Q

What does high pressure systems bring?

A

Dry, dense air as cold air sinks. This either creates very hot days or very cold days, with no clouds and dry conditions.

Wind blows out of high pressure systems

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4
Q

Why is it hot and wet in the rainforests?

A

Around the equator, the sun is the most concentrated, so the solar heat makes the sea hotter. The oceans evaporate, creating a low pressure system and creating lots of rain.

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5
Q

What is the Coriolis effect?

A

The wind moves in spirals as the earth is constantly spinning

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6
Q

What are the pressure systems called across the globe?

A

Polar highs - 90*
Sub polar low - 60*
Sub tropical high - 30*
Equatorial low - 0*

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7
Q

What are the wind cells across the globe?

A

0* - 30* = Hadley cell

30* - 60* = Ferrel cell

60* - 90* = Polar cell

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8
Q

What way are the winds deflected in the north and south?

A

The anti-clockwise rotation in the northern hemisphere deflects winds to the right

The clockwise rotation in the Southern Hemisphere deflects the winds to the left.

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9
Q

What temperature does the ocean need to be at to create a storm?

A

27 degrees Celsius

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10
Q

When does water vapour condense?

A

1 degree Celsius per 100m

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11
Q

What’s the scale to measure tropical storms?

A

The saffir-Simpson scale

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12
Q

Where did tropical storm Haiyan hit?

A

The Philippines, coming into south east Asia

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13
Q

How many people did Haiyan kill?

A

6,340

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14
Q

Why was the storm in Haiyan so devastating?

A

The Philippines are LICs and they didn’t predict the storm surge, so people were caught off guard when they hid in basements.

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15
Q

What is the other names for High and low pressure systems?

A

High pressure - anticyclone

Low pressure - depression

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16
Q

How did the beast from the east form?

A

Snowstorm from Russia met storm Emma from Ireland over Britain

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17
Q

What were the weather stats of the beast of the east?

A 
20 inch snow
160mph winds in Europe (top speed)
-12 degrees Celsius (lowest temp)
Blizzards
Floods 40cm higher than expected in Cornwall
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18
Q

How are storms formed?

A

The sun heats up the ocean to over 27 degrees
This causes moist air to rise, creating low pressure at the centre of the storm
This air cools as it rises, at 1 degree per 100m, this causes condensation and clouds to form
Some cooled air sinks back down
Air rushes from high pressure areas outside of the storm to lower pressure areas at the centre of the storm, creating winds
It spins because of the earths rotation
When it reaches land, the source of power fades so it dies

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19
Q

When was Beast from the east?

A

22nd Feb 2018 - 4th March

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20
Q

Primary effects of beast from the east?

A

Blizzards

20 inch snow

Floods of 40cm higher in Cornwall

160mph wind in Europe

-12 degrees as the lowest temperature

14 deaths in U.K.

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21
Q

Short term responses of beast from the beast?

A

Red alert issued

Transport stopped

Firefighters come to help

People stocked up on food

4x4 drivers brought supplies around

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22
Q

When was Haiyan?

A

8th November 2013

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23
Q

How many homeless people in Haiyan?

A

Over 4,000,000 homes destroyed

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24
Q

How much money lost in Haiyan?

A

$20 billion cost

$5. 8 billion for rebuilding

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25
Q

Immediate responses in Haiyan?

A

1,600 evac centres set up

Makeshift rafts (out of mattresses) were made to get across the storm surge

In first 10 days England delivered 2,000 tonnes of aid

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26
Q

Primary effects in Haiyan?

A

95% of trees uprooted
Flood water 20ft deep
Boats were destroyed - leaving them stranded

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27
Q

Secondary effects in Haiyan?

A

Looting - aid was really slow

Stagnant water attracted mosquitos, spreading malaria

Phone coverage was lost

Shocked into birth- lots of pregnancies

Roads were blocked by debris

6 million lost their jobs

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28
Q

Long term responses in Haiyan?

A

Fish and trees were destroyed, leading to decrease in money

Oxfam says ‘3-5 years recovery’

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29
Q

What caused the earthquake in Japan?

A

It was a megathrust so the pacific and Eurasian plate collided in the ocean at a shallow focus and a plate was pushed up, sending a tsunami.

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30
Q

When did the earthquake in Japan happen?

A

11th March 2011

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31
Q

What was the Japan earthquake on the Richter scale?

A

A 9

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32
Q

How many people dead in the Japan earthquake?

A

15,853

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33
Q

What were the primary effects of the earthquake in Japan?

A

Some shuddering and 4 trains were derailed but protections mostly held and everybody was generally okay

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34
Q

What caused the most damage in Japan?

A

The tsunami

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35
Q

How much damage did it cost Japan?

A

$300 billion

36
Q

How many homeless in Japan’s earthquake?

A

Over 300,000

37
Q

What happens to the reactor in Fukushima?

A

Water seeped in, damaging the electrics and it had a meltdown. They shut the nuclear power stations off to prevent explosion, but that caused major blackouts

38
Q

How many countries came to japan’s aid?

A

116

39
Q

How many were evacuated due to Fukushima’s nuclear plant?

A

140,000

40
Q

How many reactors were taken offline in Fukushima?

A

55

41
Q

What were some long term responses in Japan’s earthquake?

A 
Companies left Japan for economical reasons
Took a month to reopen ports
6 months for railways to be rebuilt
A year for homes to be rebuilt
Redesigning sea defences
42
Q

Why didn’t the sea defences work in Japan?

A

The Waves was too high

43
Q

What is a natural hazard and a natural disaster?

A

Natural hazard is a natural process that could cause death or destruction to humans

A natural disaster is a hazard that has actually happened

44
Q

What are geological hazards and meteorological hazards?

A

Geological - caused by land and tectonics (earthquakes and volcanoes

Meteorological - caused by weather events (hurricanes)

45
Q

Why would HIC’s be less affected by natural disasters?

A

They can afford to repair or have defences, limiting the damage made or quickly building them back.

They can afford to predict when one is coming and evacuate

46
Q

What’s the difference between oceanic and continental plates?

A

Continental is thicker and less dense

Oceanic is thinner and more dense

47
Q

What happens when two continental plates meet each other?

A

They create fold mountains

48
Q

What happens when two plates are moving away from each other?

A

This is a constructive plate boundary, causing magma to rise from the gap to cool and fill it creating new crust. This can cause many underwater volcanoes as them magma rises to make a volcano from the gap.

49
Q

What happens in a destructive plate margin?

A

The oceanic crust subducts under the continental and gets destroyed by the magma. Pressure is built up due to the plate friction and the magma rises, creating a vent up into a volcano. When the pressure releases, the volcano erupts.

50
Q

What are conservative plate margins?

A

When two plates are moving side by side. Crust isn’t created or destroyed.

This could cause an earthquake though, as the rubbing past each other creates friction and then releases

51
Q

What are features of a volcano erupting?

A

Lava
Gases (sulphur and co2)
Some volcanoes emit ash - can form pyroclastic flows
Magma boulders

52
Q

What is the epicentre of an earthquake?

A

The point on the earth’s surface straight above the focus

53
Q

What’s the focus of an earthquake?

A

The point of origin

54
Q

Why do people live near volcanoes?

A 
They might not be able to afford to move
Fertile soil
Low chance it will erupt in their lifetime
Tourists
Feel safe with defences and planning
55
Q

What can prevent or help plan for earthquakes?

A

Seismometers and laser monitors can be used as early warning systems

They can predict an earthquake by measuring the tectonic plates

Buildings can have reinforced concrete that absorb shock or have steel frames. Automatic shut off switches turn of gas and electricity to stop fires

Evacuation routes are planned

56
Q

What can prevent or help plan for volcanoes?

A

Volcanoes can monitor tell tale signs that one will erupt (escaping gas, changes in shape)

Trenches used to divert lava, buildings can be reinforced to not collapse against the ash

Practice evacuation

57
Q

How does air move in global wind cells?

A

The sun warms the equator, making hot air rise. This creates a low pressure belt
As the air rises it cools and moves away from the equator
30 degrees north and south, it sinks and cools creating a high pressure belt
At the ground surface it either goes back to the equator (as the trade winds) or towards the poles (as westerlies)

58
Q

What were the most affected places in Haiyan’s storm?

A

Tacloban and Cebu in the centre of the Philippines with up to 280mm of rain and winds reaching a maximum of 314km/hour

59
Q

What may climate change affect about tropical storms?

A

The distribution- forming more north and south

The frequency
The intensity

60
Q

Why would the frequency of storms change due to climate change?

A

The oceans will stay at 27 degrees and higher for longer as the earth is hotter

61
Q

Why would the distribution of storms change due to climate change?

A

As the earth is hotter, more of the oceans would be at 27 degrees, meaning there will be more storms in various places

62
Q

Why would the intensity of a storm change due to climate change?

A

Hotter seas mean more evaporation and increased cloud formation so more energy is released. This could mean storms become more powerful

63
Q

What are ways to prepare for a storm, limiting its effects?

A

Monitored using radar or satellite

Predicting where it will travel and evacuating

Drills and evacuations practiced as well as emergency services rehearsed

Buildings put on stilts and reinforced to defend against flooding and wind

Flood defences in the rivers and oceans

64
Q

What management strategies are used to reduce flood risk?

A

Warning systems
Using sandbags and floor boards
Building tidal barrages
Widening channels and rivers

65
Q

What is ‘climate change’?

A

Any significant change in the earth’s climate over a long period

66
Q

What are natural factors of global warming?

A

Orbital changes such as the tilt and wobble, making the earth take in more energy
Volcanic activity as the ash acts a greenhouse gas
Solar output, as the sun gets hotter and cooler

67
Q

What are human factors of global warming?

A

Burning fossil fuels
Cement production as carbon is produced
Farming as cows produce methane
Deforestation as it removes carbon traps

68
Q

What effects do climate change have on the environment?

A

Warmer temperatures cause glaciers and ice to melt, this causes sea levels to rise and polar animals to die out

Low lying coastal areas will be flooded

Coral reefs are being bleached due to the rising temperature of the ocean, making algae die

Precipitation patterns

69
Q

What effects do climate change have on humans?

A

Death due to heat has increased

Flooding of coastal areas kills, leading to overpopulation in other places

Droughts

Change in rainfall patterns lead to a lack of water

Crops that die, but also crops in higher latitudes do well in the warmth

Crops dying could increase malnutrition and death

More extreme weathers resulting in natural disasters

70
Q

What does mitigation mean?

A

A way to prevent something from happening

71
Q

What does adaptation mean?

A

A way to adjust to what has happened

72
Q

What mitigation strategies have taken place to stop climate change?

A

Capturing CO2 and storing it underground

Replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy

The Paris Agreement reduces greenhouse gases production by 40% for each country

73
Q

What adaptation strategies have done to adapt to climate change?

A

Planting new crops that will thrive in new conditions or using biotechnology to grow plants indoors

Water meters and storage of water to conserve water used due to rainfall patterns

Better flood warnings and flood defences

74
Q

What are the layers of the earth?

A

Crust
Mantle
Outer core
Inner core

75
Q

What causes the tectonic plates to move?

A

Heat and magma from the core create currents that make the plates above move very slowly

76
Q

What is the crust made from?

A

Solid rock from 5 to 50 km deep

77
Q

What is the mantle made from?

A

Molten magma, behaving like a liquid with slow moving currents

78
Q

What is the outer core made from?

A

Liquid magma

79
Q

What is the inner core made from?

A

Solid molten magma and iron

80
Q

How often do tectonic plates move?

A

Around 2.5cm a year

81
Q

What are the four main plates

A

South American
Eurasian
Australian
Cocos

82
Q

What was the supercontinent called?

A

Pangea

83
Q

What was Wegner’s two pieces of evidence?

A

The continents fit together

There were the same dinosaur fossils on different continents

84
Q

What are the three types of plate movements?

A

Destructive
Constructive
Conservative

85
Q

What does natural increase mean?

A

Where there are more births than deaths, resulting in population growth

86
Q

What does net migration mean?

A

When more people are moving in than moving out. Some migration is forced and LICs mostly move rural to urban

87
Q

How to read contour or isoline lines on a map

A

If the place you’re interested in is on a line, read the line

If it’s between two lines, estimate the value

Geography (6 decks)

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