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Physics - IB MYP 5 > The Universe > Flashcards

The Universe Flashcards

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1
Q

Hadrons are….

A

Everything that has quarks

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2
Q

Every particle has a….

A

Corresponding anti-particle with the same mass, and opposite charge

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3
Q

An anti-electron is

A

The anti-particle of an electron

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4
Q

A conservation law is….

A

Something that stays the same before, and after an event

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5
Q

The standard model of matter

A

The standard model of matter

         Leptons                               Hadrons Neutrinos     Electrons            Mesons      Baryons
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6
Q

An event in particle physics

A

Anything such as a reaction of collision

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7
Q

Events can occur if….

A

Charge, Baryons, and number of Leptons are conserved

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8
Q

Hubble’s discovery was….

A

All galaxies are moving away from us, and more distant galaxies are moving away faster

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9
Q

Why can we conclude the universe is expanding?

A

Because the data we see from our galaxies, ties in with our understanding of expansion

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10
Q

Why is antimatter rare?

A

Because it quickly combines with matter and disappears to make energy

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11
Q

Where does evidence of the standard model come from?

A

Analysing tracks in particle detectors

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12
Q

What is explained by the exchange of bosons?

A

Forces of attraction and repulsion

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13
Q

An attractive force can come from….

A

Exchanging particles

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14
Q

H0 will be large, and the universe will be young….

A

If the universe has been expanding quickly (Hubble’s constant)

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15
Q

H0 will be small, and the universe will be old

A

If the universe has been expanding more slowly (Hubble’s constant)

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16
Q

About 13.7 billion years ago….

A

The universe was small and hot but space itself began to stretch and cool

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17
Q

Empty space has….

A

More energy than anything in the universe combined

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18
Q

Dark energy could be….

A

Empty space, or just a property of space

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19
Q

Dark energy can not be….

A

Detected or measured but we do see its effects

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20
Q

Dark energy is there….

A

To expand the universe, but it may cause a big rip

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21
Q

If dark energy exists….

A

We don’t know where it is or how to detect it

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22
Q

It’s possible that Dark energy could be….

A

A cosmological constant, however, when tested the results came out negatively

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23
Q

Empty space could be….

A

Virtual particles forming that are made of nothing, and then disappear. The energy from those particles could be dark energy

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24
Q

A Big Crunch will occur if….

A

Gravity takes over and the universe begins to contract rather than expand.

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25
Q

If energy and matter balances….

A

Neither a big rip or Big Crunch will occur, it will be something in between

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26
Q

Dark matter….

A

Interacts with gravity and is a gravitational force in the universe, impossible to detect

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27
Q

Why is dark matter not anti-matter?

A

Because anti-matter produces gamma rays when interacting with normal matter

28
Q

Normal matter isn’t….

A

Strong enough to form galaxies, this is why we believe in dark matter

29
Q

Why can’t dark matter be normal matter with no stars?

A

Because there are no particles to detect

30
Q

Dark matter makes….

A

It possible for galaxies to exist

31
Q

Why can’t dark matter be a black hole?

A

Dark matter can’t be a black hole because it is scattered

32
Q

3 things we know about dark matter

A

It interacts with gravity, it exists, there’s a lot of it

33
Q

Gravity is….

A

The force of attraction between all mass

34
Q

What does gravity do?

A

Pulls the universe together and slows its expansion

35
Q

Why must dark energy exist?

A

Because the universe is not slowing its rate of expansion, it’s speeding up, meaning there is an extra source of energy we don’t understand

36
Q

Energy causes….

A

Expansion

37
Q

The energy at the time of the Big Bang….

A

Causes the expansion of the universe

38
Q

To figure out the effect of gravity….

A

We need to figure out the amount of matter in the universe

39
Q

Dark matter will….

A

Slow the expansion of the universe because it contributes to the gravitational force attracting matter to itself

40
Q

Bluer light is emitted by….

A

Higher frequency light waves

41
Q

Redder light is emitted by….

A

Lower frequency light waves

42
Q

Light from stars is not….

A

Just visible light but can include all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum

43
Q

Why do we use the spectra of stars?

A

To find out what elements they are made of

44
Q

The elements in the cooler, outer part of the star….

A

Absorb certain wavelengths of light, leaving a dark line spectrum

45
Q

Depending on the temperature….

A

the radiation of a hot object peaks at a different wavelength - and so looks a different color.

46
Q

The spectral lines are redshifted….

A

If the star is moving away from us

47
Q

The spectral lines are blue shifted….

A

if the star is moving towards us

48
Q

Henrietta Levitt theory….

A

If we know for sure how bright a star really is and we see how bright it seems to us, we can figure out far away it must be.

49
Q

Cepheid variables are….

A

Stars whose brightness varies over time. The period of their brightness changes depends on how bright they are.

50
Q

We measure the period of….

A

A Cepheid variable star to find out its actual brightness. We compare this with how bright it seems from Earth. From this we figure out the distance to the galaxy it is in.

51
Q

Why are stellar spectra so dark?

A

The elements in the cooler, outer part of the star absorb certain wavelengths of light leaving a dark line spectrum

52
Q

The Doppler effect….

A

The apparent change in the frequency of a wave, caused by relative motion between the source of the wave and the observer

53
Q

What are stereographs?

A

Instruments built by scientists to separate light with gratings

54
Q

Each element….

A

Absorbs light of a particular frequency and colour

55
Q

Redshift

A

Anything you can see changes colour depending on their relative emotion to you. You can’t see the minute difference with your eyes but astronomers can use this effect to tell if stars are moving away or towards earth

56
Q

Heated elements….

A

Give off particular colours of light due to their atomic structure

57
Q

If the element is cool in the atmosphere of the star….

A

Those atoms will absorb the light at that colour and produce the line

58
Q

Stars behave like….

A

Black bodies, this is why there are different colours of stars

59
Q

Why don’t we see green stars?

A

Because stars with peak wavelengths in green, also emit a lot of radiation in the red blue part of the spectrum

60
Q

Depending on temperature….

A

The radiation of a hot object peaks at a different wavelength, looking like a different colour

61
Q

All objects emit electromagnetic radiation….

A

According to their temperature

62
Q

Cooler objects emit waves with….

A

Lower frequencies (radio/microwaves)

63
Q

Hot objects emit waves at….

A

A higher frequency (visible/ultraviolet)

64
Q

Cooler objects like humans and plants….

A

Emit most radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum

65
Q

A blackbody is….

A

An idealised object that absorbs all electromagnetic radiation it comes in contact with

66
Q

Black bodies emit thermal radiation….

A

In a continuous spectrum according to their temperature

67
Q

Blackbody radiation describes….

A

The relationship between the temperature of an object and the wavelengths of the electromagnetic radiation it emits

Physics - IB MYP 5 (8 decks)

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