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GCSE Geography Edexcel B > The UK's Evolving Physical Landscape > Flashcards

The UK's Evolving Physical Landscape Flashcards

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1
Q

Weathering

A

The physical, chemical or biological breakdown of solid rock by the action of weather or plants

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2
Q

Physical weathering examples

A

Freeze Thaw weathering and Onion skin

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3
Q

Example of biological weathering

A

Living things can affect a rock

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4
Q

Chemical Weathering

A

Chemicals can affect rocks

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5
Q

Rock fall

A

Fragment of rocks breaking away from the cliff face due to weathering

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6
Q

Landslide

A

Blocks of rock slide downhill

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7
Q

Mud slide

A

Saturated soil flows down a slope

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8
Q

Slumping

A

Saturated soil slumps along a curved surface

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9
Q

Examples of metamorphic rocks

A

Crystals

Ribbon like layers

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10
Q

Examples of igneous

A

Gas bubbles and glassy surface

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11
Q

Examples of sedimentary

A

Fossils and sand or particles

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12
Q

Anticline

A

A ridge or fold of rock with many layers

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13
Q

Escarpment

A

Higher areas of resistant rocks like chalk

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14
Q

Dip slopes

A

Behind the escarpment, gentle sloped follow the angle of the scarp

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15
Q

Vales

A

Softer slays form lower and flatter ground

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16
Q

Concordant coastline

A

The rock layers (strata) are parallel to the coastline

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17
Q

Discordant coastline

A

The rock layers (strata) are at a right angle to the coastline

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18
Q

Joints

A

Joints are small, usually vertical cracks found in many rocks

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19
Q

Faults

A

Faults are larger cracks caused by past tectonic

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20
Q

What sort of coastline does headland and bays form at?

A

Discordant

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21
Q

What sort of coastline does coves form at?

A

Concordant

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22
Q

Hydraulic power

A

The sheer power of the waves

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23
Q

Corrosion

A

The affect of rocks being flung at the cliff by powerful waves

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24
Q

Attrition

A

The knocking together of pebbles, making them gradually smaller and smoother

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25
Q

Traction

A

Heavy particles rolled along the seabed

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26
Q

Solution

A

The transport of dissolves chemicals

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27
Q

Suspension

A

Lighter particles carried (suspended) within the water

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28
Q

Abrasion

A

Sandpaper affect of pebbles grinding over a rocky platform

29
Q

Spit

A

A finger of new land made of sand and shingle, jutting out into the sea from the coast

30
Q

Salt marsh

A

Low lying coastal wet land extending between high and low tide

31
Q

Soft engineering

A

A technique involving the construction of more environmentally friends, less damaging and arguable more sustainable management soloutions

32
Q

Hard engineering

A

A technique involving the front ruction of significant man-made structure to manage the coastline

33
Q

Hold the line

A

Using sea defences so coast stays where it is

34
Q

Advance the line

A

Use sea defences to move the coast further into the sea

35
Q

Strategic realignment

A

Gradually let the coast we erode and move people and businesses away from areas at risk

36
Q

Upper course

A

Shallow, narrow, vertical erosion, slow flow, waterfalls

37
Q

Middle course

A

Wide, meanders and oxbow lakes, deep

38
Q

Lower course

A

Fastest flow, flood plain, deltas, widest, deepest

39
Q

Traction

A

Large stones are dragged along by traction

40
Q

Discharge

A

Volume of water flowing in a river, measure in cubic metre per second

41
Q

Helicoidal flow

A

Corkscrew motion

42
Q

Inside bend

A

Slower flow

43
Q

Outside bend

A

Faster slow

44
Q

Thalweg is…

A

The fastest current which undercuts the bank on the outer bend.

45
Q

Water stores

A

Different places where bodies of water are stored

46
Q

Arcute or fan-shaped

A

The land around the river mouth arches out into the sea and the river splits many times on the way to the sea creating the fan shape

47
Q

Cuspate

A

The land around the mouth of the river juts out arrow- like into the sea

48
Q

Bird’s Foot

A

The river splits on the way to the sea, each part of the river juts out into the sea, rather like a bird’s foot

49
Q

Precipation

A

Any source of moisture reaching the ground

50
Q

Groundwater flow

A

Water seeping deeper below the surface

51
Q

Surface run-off

A

Water flowing on top of the ground

52
Q

Transpiration

A

Water lost through pores in vegetation

53
Q

Percolation

A

Water slowing through the soil layer parallel to the surface

54
Q

Through flow

A

Water flowing through the rock layer parallel to the surface

55
Q

Boscastle flood physical causes

A

Land was very steep- caused water to travel quick to valley floor,
Ground water was already saturated from previous rainfall- couldn’t absorb more water,
Confluence of 3 rivers

56
Q

Boscastle floods human causes

A

Street pattern increased surface run-off,
Cars and vegetation-trapped under bridge creating a dam,
Old sewer system was overwhelmed

57
Q

Defences on rivers

A

Dam H , straightening and deepening the river H , land-use zoning S , wash lands S , storage area S , afforestation S , embankment H and flood walls H

58
Q

Somerset levels physical causes

A 
Jet streams (high winds) were located over southern England in winter 2014,
12 major storms in winter 2014
More severe gales
59
Q

Somerset levels human causes

A

Landscape changed from wetlands to farming and housing,
Less dredging of the the river channels-increased flooding,
Dredging needs to be done regularly
Levees made situation worse

60
Q

Effects of glaciation

A
  • altering river valleys, making them deeper and widening them into U-shaped troughs
  • as they melted, the glaciers left features like spectacular waterfalls.
61
Q

How is granite formed?

A

Formed from magma cooling deep underground

62
Q

How is basalt formed?

A

Formed from lava rich in metals

63
Q

How is chalk formed?

A

A purer, younger form of limestone

64
Q

How is clay formed?

A

Formed from muds deposited by rivers or at sea

65
Q

How is sandstone formed?

A

Formed when sand grains compacted

66
Q

How are millstone grit formed?

A

Sandstone which has been firmly cemented and compacted

67
Q

How is slate formed?

A

Formed from heated muds or shale

68
Q

How is schist formed?

A

Formed by further metamorphic of slate where it partly melted and solidified

GCSE Geography Edexcel B (4 decks)

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