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GCSE Geography Edexcel B > The UK's Evolving Physical Landscape > Flashcards

The UK's Evolving Physical Landscape Flashcards

1
Q

Weathering

A

The physical, chemical or biological breakdown of solid rock by the action of weather or plants

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2
Q

Physical weathering examples

A

Freeze Thaw weathering and Onion skin

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3
Q

Example of biological weathering

A

Living things can affect a rock

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4
Q

Chemical Weathering

A

Chemicals can affect rocks

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5
Q

Rock fall

A

Fragment of rocks breaking away from the cliff face due to weathering

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6
Q

Landslide

A

Blocks of rock slide downhill

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7
Q

Mud slide

A

Saturated soil flows down a slope

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8
Q

Slumping

A

Saturated soil slumps along a curved surface

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9
Q

Examples of metamorphic rocks

A

Crystals

Ribbon like layers

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10
Q

Examples of igneous

A

Gas bubbles and glassy surface

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11
Q

Examples of sedimentary

A

Fossils and sand or particles

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12
Q

Anticline

A

A ridge or fold of rock with many layers

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13
Q

Escarpment

A

Higher areas of resistant rocks like chalk

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14
Q

Dip slopes

A

Behind the escarpment, gentle sloped follow the angle of the scarp

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15
Q

Vales

A

Softer slays form lower and flatter ground

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16
Q

Concordant coastline

A

The rock layers (strata) are parallel to the coastline

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17
Q

Discordant coastline

A

The rock layers (strata) are at a right angle to the coastline

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18
Q

Joints

A

Joints are small, usually vertical cracks found in many rocks

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19
Q

Faults

A

Faults are larger cracks caused by past tectonic

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20
Q

What sort of coastline does headland and bays form at?

A

Discordant

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21
Q

What sort of coastline does coves form at?

A

Concordant

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22
Q

Hydraulic power

A

The sheer power of the waves

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23
Q

Corrosion

A

The affect of rocks being flung at the cliff by powerful waves

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24
Q

Attrition

A

The knocking together of pebbles, making them gradually smaller and smoother

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25
Traction
Heavy particles rolled along the seabed
26
Solution
The transport of dissolves chemicals
27
Suspension
Lighter particles carried (suspended) within the water
28
Abrasion
Sandpaper affect of pebbles grinding over a rocky platform
29
Spit
A finger of new land made of sand and shingle, jutting out into the sea from the coast
30
Salt marsh
Low lying coastal wet land extending between high and low tide
31
Soft engineering
A technique involving the construction of more environmentally friends, less damaging and arguable more sustainable management soloutions
32
Hard engineering
A technique involving the front ruction of significant man-made structure to manage the coastline
33
Hold the line
Using sea defences so coast stays where it is
34
Advance the line
Use sea defences to move the coast further into the sea
35
Strategic realignment
Gradually let the coast we erode and move people and businesses away from areas at risk
36
Upper course
Shallow, narrow, vertical erosion, slow flow, waterfalls
37
Middle course
Wide, meanders and oxbow lakes, deep
38
Lower course
Fastest flow, flood plain, deltas, widest, deepest
39
Traction
Large stones are dragged along by traction
40
Discharge
Volume of water flowing in a river, measure in cubic metre per second
41
Helicoidal flow
Corkscrew motion
42
Inside bend
Slower flow
43
Outside bend
Faster slow
44
Thalweg is...
The fastest current which undercuts the bank on the outer bend.
45
Water stores
Different places where bodies of water are stored
46
Arcute or fan-shaped
The land around the river mouth arches out into the sea and the river splits many times on the way to the sea creating the fan shape
47
Cuspate
The land around the mouth of the river juts out arrow- like into the sea
48
Bird’s Foot
The river splits on the way to the sea, each part of the river juts out into the sea, rather like a bird’s foot
49
Precipation
Any source of moisture reaching the ground
50
Groundwater flow
Water seeping deeper below the surface
51
Surface run-off
Water flowing on top of the ground
52
Transpiration
Water lost through pores in vegetation
53
Percolation
Water slowing through the soil layer parallel to the surface
54
Through flow
Water flowing through the rock layer parallel to the surface
55
Boscastle flood physical causes
Land was very steep- caused water to travel quick to valley floor, Ground water was already saturated from previous rainfall- couldn’t absorb more water, Confluence of 3 rivers
56
Boscastle floods human causes
Street pattern increased surface run-off, Cars and vegetation-trapped under bridge creating a dam, Old sewer system was overwhelmed
57
Defences on rivers
Dam H , straightening and deepening the river H , land-use zoning S , wash lands S , storage area S , afforestation S , embankment H and flood walls H
58
Somerset levels physical causes
``` Jet streams (high winds) were located over southern England in winter 2014, 12 major storms in winter 2014 More severe gales ```
59
Somerset levels human causes
Landscape changed from wetlands to farming and housing, Less dredging of the the river channels-increased flooding, Dredging needs to be done regularly Levees made situation worse
60
Effects of glaciation
- altering river valleys, making them deeper and widening them into U-shaped troughs - as they melted, the glaciers left features like spectacular waterfalls.
61
How is granite formed?
Formed from magma cooling deep underground
62
How is basalt formed?
Formed from lava rich in metals
63
How is chalk formed?
A purer, younger form of limestone
64
How is clay formed?
Formed from muds deposited by rivers or at sea
65
How is sandstone formed?
Formed when sand grains compacted
66
How are millstone grit formed?
Sandstone which has been firmly cemented and compacted
67
How is slate formed?
Formed from heated muds or shale
68
How is schist formed?
Formed by further metamorphic of slate where it partly melted and solidified

GCSE Geography Edexcel B (4 decks)

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