Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

GCSE Geography Edexcel B > P1-Hazardous Earth > Flashcards

P1-Hazardous Earth Flashcards

1
Q

What is the crust?

A

The think layer of solid rock that cases the mantle beneath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Types of crust

A

Oceanic and continental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How thick is oceanic crust?

A

6-8 km thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How thick is continental crust?

A

30-50 km thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is oceanic crust made from?

A

Basalt (Dense igneous rock)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is continental crust made from?

A

Granite (Low density igneous rock)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A

A layer consisting of the crust and upper mantle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the asthenosphere?

A

The top layer of the mantle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the physical state of the outer core?

A

Liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the physical state of the mantle?

A

A viscous fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What physical state is the inner core?

A

Solid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where do convection currents occur?

A

Outer core and mantle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a convection current?

A

The process by which heat is transferred from the core to mantle and mantle to crust. Hotter parts of the mantle/core rise to the top of their layer. Then, they cool and sink back down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List the different sections of the Earth from the centre outwards

A

Inner core, outer core, lower mantle, upper mantle (lithosphere, asthenosphere) and crust (lithosphere)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the mantle made from?

A

Peridotite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the outer core made from?

A

Iron and Nickel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What process heats the earth from within?

A

Radioactive decay of elements like Uranium and Thorium in the core and mantle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a conservative plate boundary?

A

Two plates sliding past one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does a conservative plate boundary cause?

A

Destructive earthquakes (magnitude 8.5), small daily tremors, no volcanoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a divergent plate boundary?

A

What two plates move apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does a divergent boundary cause?

A

Small earthquakes (magnitude 5.6), not very explosive or dangerous volcanoes, occurs in fissures (crack in crust), erupts basalt lava at 1200 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a convergent plate boundary?

A

When one plate is pulled under the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does a convergent plate boundary cause?

A

Very destructive earthquakes ( magnitude 9.5), tsunamis, very explosive, destructive, steep, cone-shaped volcanoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a collision zone boundary?

A

What two plates collide, forcing both upwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What does a collision zone boundary cause?
Destructive earthquakes (magnitude 9.0), landslides, volcanoes are very rare
26
Name an example of a conservative plate boundary?
San Andreas Fault
27
Name an example of a divergent plate boundary
Iceland on the mid-Atlantic ridge
28
Name an example of a convergent plate boundary
Andes Mountain in Peru and Chile
29
Name an example of a collision zone boundary
Himalayas
30
Name the four types boundary
Conservative, divergent, convergent, and a collision zone
31
How do convention currents help create volcanoes?
When plates move apart, a void is created, which is filled with mantle the moves upwards due to the earth’s convention currents
32
Name a section of the earth with the youngest crust
Middle of the Atlantic
33
Give 2 contrasting example of countries affected by sever earthquakes (case studies)
Haiti and New Zealand
34
What tsunami nears the coast what happens to its speed and height?
It slows down, but it’s height increases dramatically
35
What type of scale is the Richter scale?
A logarithmic scale
36
What is the point where earthquakes start called?
The focus
37
What is the point on the ground directly above the s called?
The epicentre
38
What happens when the focus of an earthquake is shallower?
A shallower focus means a more destructive earthquake
39
What piece of equipment is used to measure an earthquake’s power?
A seismometer
40
What are the smaller earthquakes called that follow a main one?
Aftershocks
41
What is the hot, rising material in a convection current called?
A magma plume
42
What are the two main factors in the severity of an earthquake?
Magnitude of earthquakes and whether the affected country is an LEDC or an MEDC
43
What was the magnitude of the 2010 Haiti earthquake?
7.0
44
What were the shock magnitudes in Haiti’s earthquake?
Up to magnitude 6.0
45
Why did so many people die in the 2010 Haiti earthquake?
Poor architecture, unprepared, people were bribed to sign of buildings despite them not meeting regulations
46
Primary effects of Haiti Earthquakes
230,000 deaths, 180,000 homes destroyed by ground shaking, devastated the capital, Port-au-Prince, infrastructure destroyed
47
Long term effects of Haiti Earthquake
1.5 million people homeless, 1100 squalid camps with basic water and sanitation, cholera outbreak killed several hundred
48
Responses to Haiti Earthquakes
International aid sent to Haiti in the form of: food, water, medical supplies, temporary shelters
49
How deep was the Haiti Earthquake’s focus?
13km deep on a conservative boundary
50
What was the magnitude of the 1995 earthquake in Kobe, Japan?
Magnitude 7.2
51
Primary effects of Kobe Earthquakes
6434 people dead, 40,000 injured, gas mains ruptured, railway lines blocked
52
Secondary effects of Kobe Earthquake
300,000 homeless, 2 million without electricity, 1 million without clean water for 10 days, $220 billion damage
53
Responses to Kobe earthquake
Everyone looked for survivors, major retailers provided supplies for people, Motorola allowed free mobile phone connections, railways 80% operational within a month, most roads were fixed within half a year, stricter building regulations put in place, earthquakes drills practised annually
54
How did being an MEDC enable Japan to help Kobe recover rather quickly?
They already gad a lot of infrastructure in place in case disasters like this. The government didn’t require as much international aid as Japan itself in very wealthy
55
How deep was the 1995 Kobe earthquake’s focus?
17.6 km
56
Where was the Kobe earthquake’s epicentre?
20 km southwest of Kobe
57
What are the three types of Volcano?
Shield volcano, composite/Strato volcano, super volcano
58
How can you describe a volcano’s activity?
Active (frequent eruptions), dormant (temporarily inactive but not full extinct), extinct (never likely to erupt again)
59
What type of boundary are shield volcanoes found?
Constructive boundaries
60
What type of boundary are composite volcanoes found?
Destructive boundaries
61
What are the characteristics of a shield volcano?
Low with gently sloping sides, formed by eruptions of thin, runny lava, frequent, gentle eruptions
62
What are the characteristics of a composite volcano?
Made up of alternating layers of ash and lava, eruptions can be pyroclastic flow instead of lava, pyroclastic flow can roll down the sides of the volcano at very high speeds and with temperatures over 400°C
63
What is pyroclastic flow?
A mixture of hot steam, ash, rock and dust
64
What is a super volcano?
It is a volcano on a massive scale
65
What are the characteristics of a super volcano?
It erupts at least 1000 cubic km of material, whereas a large volcano erupts 1 cubic km, it forms a depression called a caldera, whereas a volcano produces a cone shape, often has a higher ridge of land around it, eruptions are hundreds of thousands of years apart
66
Social Impacts of Aila
- 190 people killed - 750000 were made homeless - worst affected land was on the delta - 3.5 million people were affected
67
Economic impacts of Aila
- Lots lost their home, money, and their livelihood | - Rebuilding homes
68
Environmental impacts of Aila
- Loss of animal - loss of animal dung (used as a cooking source) - Flooding - Sickness and thyroid were problems - The Sundarbans, an area of mangrove forest was affected
69
Location of Aila
- Bay of Bangal - Kolkata - Near India - South Asia - Nepal
70
Key facts about Aila
- formed 21st / 22nd May 2009 - hit 23rd May - 120km/hr wind - 200 dead - 200k homeless - Bangladesh is one of the world’s most poorest countries
71
Location of Katrina
- southeast of Louisiana | - North America
72
Key facts of Katrina
- classified as a category 4/5 - 24th August - 30th August 2005 - low air pressure - 100000 people were displace - 80% of New Orleans was flooded - started in the Bahamas
73
Primary impacts of Katrina
- oil platforms were destroyed - fuel prices rose - the storm surge flooded large areas of the coast
74
Secondary impacts of Katrina
- 1800 people died - 300,000 homes destroyed - lots left with no electricity - people had to move - $300 billion of damage - tourism decreased - tornadoes were created - levees broke so caused flooding
75
Responses of Katrina
- relief workers (131000 Red Cross workers responded to Katrina) - many people evacuated - feeding operations (served more than 12 million hot meals and 8.8 million snacks

GCSE Geography Edexcel B (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions