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GCSE Geography Edexcel B > P1-Hazardous Earth > Flashcards

P1-Hazardous Earth Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the crust?

A

The think layer of solid rock that cases the mantle beneath

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2
Q

Types of crust

A

Oceanic and continental

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3
Q

How thick is oceanic crust?

A

6-8 km thick

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4
Q

How thick is continental crust?

A

30-50 km thick

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5
Q

What is oceanic crust made from?

A

Basalt (Dense igneous rock)

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6
Q

What is continental crust made from?

A

Granite (Low density igneous rock)

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7
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A

A layer consisting of the crust and upper mantle

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8
Q

What is the asthenosphere?

A

The top layer of the mantle

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9
Q

What is the physical state of the outer core?

A

Liquid

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10
Q

What is the physical state of the mantle?

A

A viscous fluid

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11
Q

What physical state is the inner core?

A

Solid

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12
Q

Where do convection currents occur?

A

Outer core and mantle

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13
Q

What is a convection current?

A

The process by which heat is transferred from the core to mantle and mantle to crust. Hotter parts of the mantle/core rise to the top of their layer. Then, they cool and sink back down

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14
Q

List the different sections of the Earth from the centre outwards

A

Inner core, outer core, lower mantle, upper mantle (lithosphere, asthenosphere) and crust (lithosphere)

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15
Q

What is the mantle made from?

A

Peridotite

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16
Q

What is the outer core made from?

A

Iron and Nickel

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17
Q

What process heats the earth from within?

A

Radioactive decay of elements like Uranium and Thorium in the core and mantle

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18
Q

What is a conservative plate boundary?

A

Two plates sliding past one another

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19
Q

What does a conservative plate boundary cause?

A

Destructive earthquakes (magnitude 8.5), small daily tremors, no volcanoes

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20
Q

What is a divergent plate boundary?

A

What two plates move apart

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21
Q

What does a divergent boundary cause?

A

Small earthquakes (magnitude 5.6), not very explosive or dangerous volcanoes, occurs in fissures (crack in crust), erupts basalt lava at 1200 degrees

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22
Q

What is a convergent plate boundary?

A

When one plate is pulled under the other

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23
Q

What does a convergent plate boundary cause?

A

Very destructive earthquakes ( magnitude 9.5), tsunamis, very explosive, destructive, steep, cone-shaped volcanoes

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24
Q

What is a collision zone boundary?

A

What two plates collide, forcing both upwards

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25
Q

What does a collision zone boundary cause?

A

Destructive earthquakes (magnitude 9.0), landslides, volcanoes are very rare

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26
Q

Name an example of a conservative plate boundary?

A

San Andreas Fault

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27
Q

Name an example of a divergent plate boundary

A

Iceland on the mid-Atlantic ridge

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28
Q

Name an example of a convergent plate boundary

A

Andes Mountain in Peru and Chile

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29
Q

Name an example of a collision zone boundary

A

Himalayas

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30
Q

Name the four types boundary

A

Conservative, divergent, convergent, and a collision zone

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31
Q

How do convention currents help create volcanoes?

A

When plates move apart, a void is created, which is filled with mantle the moves upwards due to the earth’s convention currents

32
Q

Name a section of the earth with the youngest crust

A

Middle of the Atlantic

33
Q

Give 2 contrasting example of countries affected by sever earthquakes (case studies)

A

Haiti and New Zealand

34
Q

What tsunami nears the coast what happens to its speed and height?

A

It slows down, but it’s height increases dramatically

35
Q

What type of scale is the Richter scale?

A

A logarithmic scale

36
Q

What is the point where earthquakes start called?

A

The focus

37
Q

What is the point on the ground directly above the s called?

A

The epicentre

38
Q

What happens when the focus of an earthquake is shallower?

A

A shallower focus means a more destructive earthquake

39
Q

What piece of equipment is used to measure an earthquake’s power?

A

A seismometer

40
Q

What are the smaller earthquakes called that follow a main one?

A

Aftershocks

41
Q

What is the hot, rising material in a convection current called?

A

A magma plume

42
Q

What are the two main factors in the severity of an earthquake?

A

Magnitude of earthquakes and whether the affected country is an LEDC or an MEDC

43
Q

What was the magnitude of the 2010 Haiti earthquake?

A

7.0

44
Q

What were the shock magnitudes in Haiti’s earthquake?

A

Up to magnitude 6.0

45
Q

Why did so many people die in the 2010 Haiti earthquake?

A

Poor architecture, unprepared, people were bribed to sign of buildings despite them not meeting regulations

46
Q

Primary effects of Haiti Earthquakes

A

230,000 deaths, 180,000 homes destroyed by ground shaking, devastated the capital, Port-au-Prince, infrastructure destroyed

47
Q

Long term effects of Haiti Earthquake

A

1.5 million people homeless, 1100 squalid camps with basic water and sanitation, cholera outbreak killed several hundred

48
Q

Responses to Haiti Earthquakes

A

International aid sent to Haiti in the form of: food, water, medical supplies, temporary shelters

49
Q

How deep was the Haiti Earthquake’s focus?

A

13km deep on a conservative boundary

50
Q

What was the magnitude of the 1995 earthquake in Kobe, Japan?

A

Magnitude 7.2

51
Q

Primary effects of Kobe Earthquakes

A

6434 people dead, 40,000 injured, gas mains ruptured, railway lines blocked

52
Q

Secondary effects of Kobe Earthquake

A

300,000 homeless, 2 million without electricity, 1 million without clean water for 10 days, $220 billion damage

53
Q

Responses to Kobe earthquake

A

Everyone looked for survivors, major retailers provided supplies for people, Motorola allowed free mobile phone connections, railways 80% operational within a month, most roads were fixed within half a year, stricter building regulations put in place, earthquakes drills practised annually

54
Q

How did being an MEDC enable Japan to help Kobe recover rather quickly?

A

They already gad a lot of infrastructure in place in case disasters like this. The government didn’t require as much international aid as Japan itself in very wealthy

55
Q

How deep was the 1995 Kobe earthquake’s focus?

A

17.6 km

56
Q

Where was the Kobe earthquake’s epicentre?

A

20 km southwest of Kobe

57
Q

What are the three types of Volcano?

A

Shield volcano, composite/Strato volcano, super volcano

58
Q

How can you describe a volcano’s activity?

A

Active (frequent eruptions), dormant (temporarily inactive but not full extinct), extinct (never likely to erupt again)

59
Q

What type of boundary are shield volcanoes found?

A

Constructive boundaries

60
Q

What type of boundary are composite volcanoes found?

A

Destructive boundaries

61
Q

What are the characteristics of a shield volcano?

A

Low with gently sloping sides, formed by eruptions of thin, runny lava, frequent, gentle eruptions

62
Q

What are the characteristics of a composite volcano?

A

Made up of alternating layers of ash and lava, eruptions can be pyroclastic flow instead of lava, pyroclastic flow can roll down the sides of the volcano at very high speeds and with temperatures over 400°C

63
Q

What is pyroclastic flow?

A

A mixture of hot steam, ash, rock and dust

64
Q

What is a super volcano?

A

It is a volcano on a massive scale

65
Q

What are the characteristics of a super volcano?

A

It erupts at least 1000 cubic km of material, whereas a large volcano erupts 1 cubic km, it forms a depression called a caldera, whereas a volcano produces a cone shape, often has a higher ridge of land around it, eruptions are hundreds of thousands of years apart

66
Q

Social Impacts of Aila

A
  • 190 people killed
  • 750000 were made homeless
  • worst affected land was on the delta
  • 3.5 million people were affected
67
Q

Economic impacts of Aila

A
  • Lots lost their home, money, and their livelihood

- Rebuilding homes

68
Q

Environmental impacts of Aila

A
  • Loss of animal - loss of animal dung (used as a cooking source)
  • Flooding
  • Sickness and thyroid were problems
  • The Sundarbans, an area of mangrove forest was affected
69
Q

Location of Aila

A
  • Bay of Bangal
  • Kolkata
  • Near India
  • South Asia
  • Nepal
70
Q

Key facts about Aila

A
  • formed 21st / 22nd May 2009
  • hit 23rd May
  • 120km/hr wind
  • 200 dead
  • 200k homeless
  • Bangladesh is one of the world’s most poorest countries
71
Q

Location of Katrina

A
  • southeast of Louisiana

- North America

72
Q

Key facts of Katrina

A
  • classified as a category 4/5
  • 24th August - 30th August 2005
  • low air pressure
  • 100000 people were displace
  • 80% of New Orleans was flooded
  • started in the Bahamas
73
Q

Primary impacts of Katrina

A
  • oil platforms were destroyed
  • fuel prices rose
  • the storm surge flooded large areas of the coast
74
Q

Secondary impacts of Katrina

A
  • 1800 people died
  • 300,000 homes destroyed
  • lots left with no electricity
  • people had to move
  • $300 billion of damage
  • tourism decreased
  • tornadoes were created
  • levees broke so caused flooding
75
Q

Responses of Katrina

A
  • relief workers (131000 Red Cross workers responded to Katrina)
  • many people evacuated
  • feeding operations (served more than 12 million hot meals and 8.8 million snacks

GCSE Geography Edexcel B (4 decks)

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