The UK's Evolving Human Landscape Flashcards
What is an enterprise zone?
A zone that offers companies benefits for locating in them. They are mainly in urban areas.
What do enterprise zones try to reduce?
- Unemployment
- Uneven population density
Describe investment in transport infrastructure:
Transport investments link rural areas to England’s core. Rural areas such as Cornwall have narrow roads unlike cities with motorways and dual carriageways.
What do investments in transport infrastructure try to reduce?
- Differences in economic activity. Promotes industry and jobs in poorer rural areas.
- Travel times. This increases business investment.
What are UK government regional development grants?
Grans available to most people in the UK which help advise and pay for the start up of a business. Funds given are small to start with and the business has to raise 5.5x the original amount.
What do UK regional investment grants try to reduce?
- Unemployment
- Differences in economic activity. Encourages diversity in rural areas.
What are EU government regional development grants?
European regional development funds promote growth in rural areas by providing funds and skills to local, small, high- tech businesses. Common agricultural policies ensure farmers can earn a living from farming.
What do EU government regional development grants try to reduce?
- Unemployment
- Differences in economic activity
- Population density differences
- Age structure differences (attracting young graduates to rural areas)
Name 4 problems faced by rural peripheries?
- Low population density (small skill range)
- Older populations (retirement)
- Large amounts of primary industry (fewer skilled jobs)
- Small-scale settlements (e.g. villages)
Define immigration:
The movement of people into a country
Define emigration:
The movement of people out of a country
Define ethnicity:
The grouping of people according to their ethnic origins or characteristics.
Define cultural diversity:
The variety of human societies or cultures in a specific region.
Define population distribution:
Describes the way that people are located within an area.
Define population change (growth):
The population of an area increases according to the birth and death rates.
Name 5 types of national migration:
- Retirement migration
- Rural to urban migration
- North to south drift
- Urban to urban migration
- Countertop urbanisation
Which area is growing the fastest an which is growing the slowest?
London= fastest at 1% a year Wales= slowest
How is growth rate distributed nationally?
High growth in the south
Low growth in the north and in Wales
Which areas have the youngest and oldest population?
Youngest= London (25) Oldest= South West (60)
How much has the UK population changed over the past 50 years?
The population has increased by 10.7 million over the past 50 years.
State 2 reasons why the UK population has increased:
- Net immigration: EU membership and Globalisation
- A rising birth rate: people are having children earlier and to older ages
What are the 3 countries with the highest UK immigration rate?
India= 734 thousand Poland= 679 thousand Pakistan= 502 thousand
Outline the history of immigration to the UK:
1950s: Shortage of workers. Immigration from former colonies- Caribbean, India, Bangladesh
1970s: No longer a labour shortage. Immigration under government control so fewer people arrived.
2004: Economic growth and enlargement of EU. Immigrants. From Eastern Europe.
2012-15: People fled from fighting in Syria and Afghanistan to UK cities. 2014: 560,000 immigrants mainly from Poland, China and India.
What age are most international migrants?
80% were 18-34 in 2004
What are the costs and benefits of international migration?
\+Safety from conflict \+New skills \+Prevents labour shortages \+Increased cultural diversity - Racial tension -Loss of cultural identity -Increased land prices -Increased population density
What is FDI?
Foreign direct investment is composed of flows of capital from businesses in one country to another.
What are TNCs?
Large companies that operate in a range of other countries. They link the national economies in different parts of the world.
Assess the costs and benefits of TNCs in the UK:
+Higher rate of technology development
+Increased productivity
-Can lead to over reliance from the UK
-The UK’s economy is affected if there are problems anywhere else in the world
What is globalisation?
The growing importance of international operations for all economic sectors.
What are the 3 key elements of the global economy?
Networks- Links between countries
Flows- Goods and services
Global players- TNCs
Assess the costs and benefits of globalisation of the UK economy:
+Improved transport and communication links
+/-More flexible labour workforce
+London has developed a global financial centre
-UK workers need to re-skill
What is privatisation and what are its impacts on the UK?
UK industries becoming private.
+/- Increased FDI
-Products are more expensive
What is free trade, quota and tariff?
Free trade= Trade without tariffs or import taxes internationally e.g. the EU
Quota= Limited number of something which is officially allowed to be traded
Tariff= Tax on imports or exports
What are the benefits of Free trade on the UK?
+Goods and services flow freely
+Reduces import and export restrictions
+Attracts investors
How is the site of Birmingham significant to its growth historically?
- Overlooked a river (trade).
- In the 18th century Birmingham was a market town but it was overshadowed by larger county towns. It was known for its skilled labour and high quality trade items.
- From 1830 onwards, Birmingham expanded rapidly to become a major city
How is Birminghams situation significant regionally?
- Centre of UK canal system (1768)
- Canals connect Birmingham to the Black Country and rest of the country
- Railways were te start of Birminghams emergence (Birmingham is the UK’s central point)
- Railways replaced canals as the main transport method (1833)
- Birmingham was connected because of roads. The motorway era connected Birmingham since 1958
Why is the NEC located in Birmingham? What is the NEC?
- It is the centre of the UK
- Birmingham is growing rapidly
- National Exhibition Centre
- Opened in 1976
- 3 million visitors/ year
- 500 events/ year
What is the significance of Birminghams situation nationally?
- M1 links Birmingham to London
- Central. Links north to south
- Birmingham airport
- One of the locations for HS2 stops
What is the significance of Birminghams situation globally?
- UK financial centre
- 3 international recognised universities
- Location of the ICC (adds £1.5 billion to the economy)
- Cultural variety (global reputation)
- Largest public library in Europe
Name one part of Birminghams CBD.
Millenium point
Name one part of Birminghams Inner city.
Spark brook
Name one part of Birminghams suburbs.
Hall Green
Name one part of Birminghams Rural- Urban fringe.
Meriden
How old are the buildings in the CBD? What is the building density?
Old buildings- 1800s
New buildings- (Bullring, Millenium point) 20th-21st century
High building density (v. Expensive land)
Tall buildings
How old are the buildings in the Inner City? What is the building density?
Built in the 19th century. developed in the 1970s through Comprehensive Development Area schemes (CDAs).
High density terraces and tower blocks
How old are the buildings in the Suburbs? What is the building density
Some built in the 19th century but most in the 1930s-60s.
Lower building density
How old are the buildings in the Urban-rural fringe? What is the building density
19th century, 1930s-60s and present day buildings
Low density, countryside buildings
Some new houses are built more densely than the older 30s—60s buildings.
What is the main function and land use of the CBD?
- Centre of local government
- Shopping facilities (retail)
-Department stores, offices, theatres and hotels
What is the main function and land use of the Inner city?
- Accommodation
- Shops, factories, churches (limited)
What is the main function and land use of the Suburbs?
- Centres of council housing
- Private estates
-Housing and shops
What is the main function and land use of the Urban-rural fringe?
- Farming
- Recreational
- Residential
- Industrial parks
-Residential, leisure
What is the environmental quality of the CBD?
- Quite high
- Minimal open, green space
What is the environmental quality of the Inner city?
-Very little green space (least of all the areas0
What is the environmental quality of the Suburbs?
-Some good quality green space
What is the environmental quality of the Urban-rural fringe?
- High
- Lots of green space (countryside)
Why do people move to Birmingham? Nationally and internationally.
I- Response to shortage of workers I- Economic growth I- Flee from fighting I/N- More job opportunities N- North to South drift N- Urban to Urban migration N- Less isolation N- Hier tier jobs N- Universities
Where do migrants in Sparkbrook come from? What does this mean for the area?
Pakistan, India, Bangladesh
More ethnic food shops and services
What types of inequality can be measured in cities? Is Sparkbrook or Hall Green more deprived?
- Economic activity: % in employment
- % of residents with no qualifications
- Degree of deprivation
- % from BME groups
- IMD
Sparkbrook is more deprived. They are in the 10% most deprived areas in the country.
What is deindustrialisation? Where did the decline take place and what was it?
A decline in manufacturing jobs.
Inner city areas
Loss of jobs in the manufacturing industry. 48% of jobs to 12% of jobs.
What is de- population? Where did the decline take place and what was it?
The movement of people out of the city due to slum clearance and redevelopment schemes, etc.
Large parts of the inner city.
People moved from inner city Birmingham to estates at the edge of the city.
What are out-of-town retail parks? Where did decline take place because of them and what was the decline?
Decentralisation began when shops began to be built in the suburbs and rural areas. Shoppers were attracted away from the CBD.
CBD
Less people were using the CBD
What is development in transport? Where did this cause declines to take place and what was the decline?
Construction of new roads (such as the ring road) meant that workers cold live further away from their place of work.
CBD and inner city areas.
Fewer people live in the city centre.
Name a place where rebranding took place. Why was it needed?
East side
It was needed as industry had reduced and the area fell into decline.
The regeneration involved rebranding and redevelopment.
Assess the costs and benefits of rebranding in Eastside because of increased population, environmental quality and economic activities.
Increased population: \+More homes built \+More income to recreational businesses -Higher property prices -Increased traffic flow
Environmental quality: \+New open spaces \+Clean canals -Increased traffic flow -Cement releases fumes
Economic opportunities:
+More construction Jo’s (12,000)
-Expensive offices (may be left empty)
Name a place where regeneration took place. Why was it needed?
Long bridge
MG Rover factory was sold leaving large empty site.
High unemployment rates.
Regeneration of Brownfield site (£1 billion)
Assess the cost and benefits of regeneration in Longbridge because of increased population, environmental quality and economic activities.
Increased population: \+New apartments available -Pressure to build more houses on green belt land -Increased house prices -Increased traffic
Environmental quality:
+New 8km^2 park
+River Rea will be returned to its natural course
-Increased traffic (A38)
Economic opportunities: \+New £70 million town \+10,000 new jobs -Loss of business for shopkeepers -Unemployment is still high
Where has urban living in Birmingham been made more sustainable?
Park Central
- Recycling
- Eco housing
- Green space
- Green transport links
Name 3 flows of labour in Birmingham.
- Railway
- Commuter village (Meriden)
- Airport
How has counter- urbanisation influenced Meriden?
Increased elderly population
Decrease in working population
More disposable income
Require more services
Outline the costs and benefits of building on the rural-urban fringe.
\+Cheaper to build on green belt land \+More desirable land (peaceful) -Destroys animal habitats -Historical site -Pressure on traffic flows
Why are house prices rising in Worcestershire?
- Older people retire to rural areas
- Commuters want to live in areas near the city
House prices have increased by 232% in the last 20 years
What challenges in primary employment are there in Worcestershire?
- 46% decrease in agricultural labourers from 1861-1931
- By 1991, less that 2% of the Worcestershire population worked in agriculture
What healthcare and education challenges are there in Worcestershire?
- Decline in services such as schools, doctors surgeries and bus services
- Young people have to travel further for education and recreation
How is quality of life impacted for elderly people in Worcestershire?
Isolation
Increased health problems
How is quality of life impacted for younger people in Worcestershire?
Limited curriculum
Limited friends
Lack of leisure facilities
Define rural diversification:
The development of methods of income generation that are in addition to, or instead of, traditional rural income sources such as farming or quarrying.
What farm- based activities do farmers run to generate more money?
- Farm shops
- Accommodation
- Leisure activities
- Tourism
