Challenges Of An Urbanising World Flashcards
What is urbanisation?
The general trend of people moving to towns and cities, compared to rural areas.
What is suburbanisation?
Increased amounts of people moving to the outskirts of a city - in the residential areas.
What is counter-urbanisation?
People moving away from the cities causing population decline in inner-city areas
How can cities cope with counter-urbanisation?
Find new technologies to keep up with other cities. E.g: Detroit has been largely abandoned due to the failing car industry
What is de-industrialisation?
When industry in a city begins to decline e.g. Detroit
What is re-urbanisation?
A place that has a resurgence in people moving there after experiencing counter-urbanisation.
What is regeneration?
The redevelopment of older, run-down inner city areas to attract people to live closer. This includes new shopping centres, flats, houses, etc.
E.g: Birmingham
How many people lived in urban areas in 1980 v. 2015?
40%
54%
What is a Primate city?
A city with importance and influence disproportionately greater than what their size would suggest. It must be at least twice as big or significant than the next largest city in its country/ region.
What is a world city?
A city that trades and invests globally.
What are the three world city ratings?
- World City
- Alpha +
- Alpha ++
Name a world city
Any from:
Mexico City, Los Angeles, San Francisco, São Paulo, Buenos Aires, Madrid, Brussels, Frankfurt, Moscow, Mumbai, Bangalore, Kuala Lumpur, Bangkok and Seoul
Name an alpha + city
Any from:
Paris, Milan, Beijing, Shanghai, Hongkong, Tokyo, Singapore and Sydney
Name an alpha ++ city
London or New York
Define globalisation
Increased connections between cities
Define political influence
Influencing the governments and large, powerful businesses of a country
Define economic influence
Influencing investment, migration and transport of a city
Define growth rate
The rate at which a population increases
How is growth rate changing in the mega cities of developing countries?
It is faster and on a larger scale than before
What is a mega city?
A very large metropolitan area with a total population in excess of ten million people.
Define connectivity
How easy it is to travel/ connect with other places
Compare the importance of push and pull factors:
Push factors are more influential as they remove the element of choice instead of just encouraging a person to move.
What push factors drove migrants to London? Who were these migrants?
- Lack of job opportunities
- Lack of services
- Lack of entertainment
International migrants increased the population by 14% between 2001 and 2011
What pull factors attracted migrants to Chongqing between 2001 and 2014?
- Economic reform led to a demand for labour
- Higher incomes
- Better health, education and entertainment services
What is the difference in the push and pull factors for London and Chongqing?
Chongqing factors were only based on in city opportunities whereas London factors were also based on connectivity
Name a developing, emerging and developed country (case studys)
Malawi
India
UK
What is the employment type of developing, emerging and developed countries?
Developing: Informal economy
Emerging: Secondary/ manufacturing industry
Developed: Tertiary industry
What is formal employment?
Guaranteed jobs which are contracted with a set salary and health benefits (e.g. insurance). This means that tax has to be payed on income
What is informal employment?
Work with no contracts, insurance, rights or social security. This means no tax has to be payed but there is no employment protection
What are the 5 sections in the Burgess land use model?
- CBD (central business district)
- Inner City
- Inner Suburbs
- Outer Suburbs
- Rural-Urban Fringe
What is the difference between formal and informal employment?
Formal: Large scale, high level employment (often in factories)
Informal: Small scale, low level employment (either at home or on the street)
What are the characteristics of the CBD?
- Tall skyscrapers
- Services
- Crowded
- Good transportation links
- Shopping malls and pedestrian precincts
What are the characteristics of the Inner City?
- High population
- Terraced housing and multistory buildings
What are the characteristics of the Inner Suburbs?
- Lower population density than CBD and Inner City
- Residential area with semi-detatched housing
- Land prices cheaper than CBD and Inner City
- Local shops and places of worship are common
- Less congestion
What are the characteristics of the Outer Suburbs?
- Detached houses
- Modern housing estates (newer and more expensive)
- Land prices cheaper than CBD and Inner City
- Local shops and places of worship are common
What are the characteristics of the Rural-Urban Fringe?
Mixture of land uses:
- Agriculture
- Airports
- Golf courses
- Allotments
- Business parks
- Housing
- Stricter planning controls
What is the population of Mumbai (2015)?
16 million
What is the population of Mumbai’s metropolitan area (2015)?
25 million
Where is Mumbai situated and why did people settle there?
It is located on the west coast of India and is surrounded by the Arabian Sea.
People settled as it had a safe harbour. It was changed into an industrial city as the harbour was naturally deep so was accessible to container ships.
What are Mumbai’s national connections?
- Holds India’s 2nd biggest port
- Accessible by road and rail
- Only 2 hours to other Indian cities by air
What are Mumbai’s international connections?
- Holds India’s busiest international airport
- Internet
- Bollywood
- Telecommunications
- Europe is accessible by the Suez Canal
What are the site issues with Mumbai?
After rapid population growth in the 20th century Mumbai had to expand back up its long, narrow peninsula.
This meant that large amounts of Mumbai were overcrowded, unsanitary and unsafe for inhabitants.
Th New Mumbai suburd was proposed in 1970 which led to a population decline in the island district.
What are the benefits of the National park in Mumbai?
Sanjay Gandhi is the worlds largest city park:
- Reduces air pollution
- Surrounded by city landscape (on high ground)
- Provides a space for leisure activities
How has industry in Mumbai changed with population growth?
Industrialisation meant that railways and factories were developed in the 19th century for cotton and textiles.
In the 20th century Mumbai had a decline in manufacturing to become a financial centre.
There has been a rise in the number of business headquarters, healthcare, IT and Bollywood in Mumbai.
Where is Mumbai’s CBD? What is in it?
The Old Fort area on the southern tip.
This is where many headquarters are as well as many slums.
It is extremely expensive and very active.
Where are the inner suburbs of Mumbai? What is in them?
The old textiles mills which are now redeveloped.
This is where squatter and slum settlements mainly lie.
The largest slum in Mumbai is here- DHARAVI
What is in the outer suburbs?
New industrial sectors have developed along the railway lines in these suburbs all the way to New Mumbai.
The land is cheaper with more space available.
There is also less congestion and a better quality of life.
How is Mumbai’s population growing? Past and present
Past: Steadily
Present: Rapidly with it growing three times faster that 1951-61
Which 2 factors are leading to this rapid population increase?
- Rural to urban migration
- Natural increase
Name 2 manufacturing jobs in Mumbai
- Textile industry
- Car production
Name 2 high pay service sector jobs in Mumbai
- Finance
- IT
Name 2 low pay service sector jobs in Mumbai
- Taxi services
- Street vendors
What % of the population work in the informal sector? Give some job examples
60%
- Barbers
- Street vendors
- Shoe makers
What resources are available in Mumbai but not rural areas?
Education- Higher education e.g. Grant medical college
Transport- Cars, taxis, public transport: trams, bus service, trains (accessible and cheap)
Entertainment
Better Healthcare
Jobs- leading to a lower unemployment rate
How are housing shortages a problem in Mumbai?
As housing is expensive (due to a lack of space and population growth), there are other areas that people live in:
- Chawls: old tenement buildings, overcrowded, dangerous
- Squatter settlements: 50% of private land, in dangerous locations
- The poorest live on the streets and under bridges but still have to pay rent
How is water supply and waste disposal an issue in Mumbai?
- Water is rationed between 1 million people in slums
- In slums water is only available for 2 hours/ day
- There are no direct pipes for sewage and toilets in slums
- 500+ people use one latrine in Dharavi
- Wash in streams
- Clean clothes in streams
- Waste is also thrown in streams
How are employment conditions an issue in Mumbai?
The informal sector has no worker protection leading to:
- Long hours
- Small, dark, hot rooms
- Dangerous work without safety equipment
How are limited services an issue in Mumbai?
- Lack of space
- No infrastructure
- Bad cooking conditions
How is traffic congestion an issue in Mumbai?
- 1.8 million cars owned: gridlocked
- 90% of people travel by rail: delays
- Pedestrians and traditional transport increase traffic
How is rapid expansion an issue in Mumbai?
- Population growing faster than buildings can be built
- Unsafe, short term infrastructure
- Unreliable resources (e.g. water)
What are two ways to measure sustainability?
- ‘Three legged stool’: society, economy, environment
- ‘Quadrant’: equality, future, public participation, environment
What is in the rural-urban fringe?
A mix of mainland towns and areas unsuitable for building (e.g. marshland or estuaries).
A large area of the national park is also here.
What is a top-down strategy to help Mumbai?
Vision Mumbai
What does Vision Mumbai aim to do?
Build 1 million low cost homes
Improve transport infrastructure
Reduce pollution
What actions are Vision Mumbai taking?
Pipe water into new flats
300 extra public toilets
72 new trains
Raised train platforms
What are the advantages of Vision Mumbai?
- Less train related deaths
- Apartments replaced slums
- Better water and sewage systems
What are the disadvantages of Vision Mumbai?
- Communities divided by the apartment blocks
- 200 000 people moved from slums
- Rent costs increased
- Sewage discharge worsened water quality
What is a bottom-up strategy to help Mumbai?
SPARC: community toilet blocks
What does SPARC aim to do?
They aim to build community toilets that can be used for a very cheap monthly permit of 25 rupees
What actions are SPARC is taking?
They have built 800 community toilets which are safe (they have electric lights inside) and sanitary. They all have separate male and female entries and encourage community participation for maintaining cleanliness.
Wha are the advantages of SPARC?
- Cheap and affordable for families
- Provides janitor jobs
- Reduces river pollution as waste goes to sewers
What are the disadvantages of SPARC?
-It depends on the local community to provide the toilets but is should be the governments responsibility
