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Life in the UK > the tudors and the stuarts > Flashcards

the tudors and the stuarts Flashcards

1
Q

policy of centralising power

A

after the War of the Roses, Henry VII strengthened the central administration of England and reduces the power of the nobles

built up financial reserves

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2
Q

what was Henry VIII most famous for?

A

breaking away from the church of rome and marrying six times

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3
Q

catherine of aragon

A

spanish princess

only one child survived (Mary)

Henry divorced her

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4
Q

anne boleyn

A

English

one daughter (Elizabeth)

unpopular in the country and executed at the Tower of London

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5
Q

jane seymour

A

one son (Edward)

died shortly after birth

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6
Q

anne of cleves

A

German princess

Henry married her for political reasons but divorced her soon after

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7
Q

Catherine Howard

A

cousin of Anne Boleyn

executed

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8
Q

Catherine Parr

A

widow who married Henry late in his life

survived him and married again but died soon after

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9
Q

why did Henry break away from the Church of Rome?

A

needed Pope’s approval to divorce his first wife

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10
Q

establishment of the Church of England

A

king and not the Pope has the power to appoint bishops and order how people should worship

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11
Q

the Reformation

A

movement against the authority of the Pope, and the ideas and practices of the Roman Catholic Church

Protestants formed their own churches, Protestant ideas gradually gained strength during the 16th century

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12
Q

the Reformation in Ireland

A

attempts by the English to impose Protestantism led to rebellion from the Irish chieftains and brutal fighting followed

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13
Q

formal union of Wales with England during the reign of Henry VIII

A

Act for the Government of Wales

Welsh sent representatives to the House of Commons

Welsh legal system reformed

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14
Q

who was Henry VIII succeeded by?

A

Edward VI (strongly Protestant)
- died at 15 after ruling for just over 6 years

then Mary became queen
- died after a short reign

then Elizabeth

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15
Q

Book of Common Prayer

A

written to be used in the Church of England during Edward VI’s reign

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16
Q

why was Mary known as Bloody Mary?

A

devout Catholic and persecuted Protestants

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17
Q

Elizabeth I

A

Protestant

re-established the Church of England as the official Church

found a balance between the views of Catholics and the more extreme Protestants

18
Q

why was Elizabeth I one of the most popular monarchs in English history?

A

1588 when the English defeated the Spanish Armada, who were sent by Spain to conquer England and restore Catholicism

19
Q

the Reformation in Scotland

A

in 1560, Scottish Parliament abolished the authority of the Pope in Scotland

Roman Catholic religious services became illegal

Protestant Church of Scotland with a leadership was established (but not a state church like England)

20
Q

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots

A

Catholic, and only a week old when her father died and she became queen

most of her childhood spent in France, when she returned to Scotland, at the centre of a power struggle between different groups

when her husband was murdered, she was suspected of involvement and fled to England
- left the throne to James VI (her son)

Elizabeth I’s cousin
- kept a prisoner for 20 years and eventually executed

21
Q

Elizabethan period in England

A

time of growing patriotism, feeling of pride in being English

22
Q

exploration in the Elizabethan period

A

sought new trade routes, tried to expand British trade into Spanish colonies in the Americas

Francis Drake as a founder of England’s naval tradition
- one of the commanders in the defeat of the Spanish Armada
- his ship (the Golden Hind) as one of the first to sail around the world

English settlers began to colonise the eastern coast of America

23
Q

William Shakespeare

A

a midsummer night’s dream, hamlet, macbeth, romeo and juliet

one of the first to portray ordinary Englishmen and women

24
Q

Elizabeth I’s heir

A

her cousin James VI of Scotland
- became James I of England, Wales and Ireland but Scotland remained separate

no children of her own as she never married

25
Q

King James Bible

A

new translation of the Bible into English

26
Q

Ireland during this era

A

almost completely Catholic
- Henry VII and Henry VIII extended English control outside the Pale and established English authority over the country

Henry VIII took the title King of Ireland

during the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I, people opposed the Protestant government with rebellions
- English government encouraged Scottish and English Protestants to settle in Ulster, taking land from Catholic landholders (plantations)

27
Q

the rise of Parliament

A

Elizabeth I very skilled at managing Parliament
- successful in balancing her wishes and views against those of the House of Lords and Commons

28
Q

divine right of kings

A

believed in by James I and his son Charles I

idea that king is directly appointed by God to rule
- thought that king should be able to act without seeking approval from Parliament

29
Q

beginning of the English civil war

A

Charles I wanted the worship of the Church of England to include more ceremony
- introduced a revised Prayer Book

tried to impose prayer bookin Scotland which led to unrest
- Scottish army formed
- Charles could not find the money he needed for his own army without the help of Parliament who did not give him money

30
Q

rebellion in Ireland

A

Roman Catholics in Ireland afraid of the growing power of Puritans

Parliament demanded control of the English Army - would have transferred power from the king to Parliament

Charles I entered the House of Commons and tried to arrest five parliamentary leaders

civil war between the king and Parliament began in 1642
- country split into those who supported the king (the Cavaliers) and those who supported Parliament (the Roundheads)

31
Q

where was the king’s army defeated?

A

Battles of Marston Moor and Naseby

by 1646, clear that Parliament won the war
- Charles held prisoner and unwilling to reach an agreement so he was executed in 1649

32
Q

England as a republic - the Commonwealth

A

no longer had a monarch

for some time, not clear how the country would be governed
- army was still in control
- one of its generals, Oliver Cromwell, sent to Ireland, where the revolt which begun in 1641 continued

Cromwell was successful in establishing the authority of the English Parliament but did so with such violence that even today, he remains controversial

33
Q

who did the Scots declare to be king?

A

they did not agree to the execution of Charles I and declared his son Charles II to be king
- crowned king of Scotland and led a Scottish army into England

Cromwell defeated this army in the battles of DUnbar and Worcester
- Charles II escaped from Worcester, hiding in an oak tree and eventually fled to Europe

Parliament now controlled England, Scotland and Wales

34
Q

Cromwell as the leader of the new republic

A

given the title of Lord Protector and ruled until his death in 1658

when Cromwell died, his son Richard became Lord Protector but could not control the army or government

although Britain had been a republic for 11 years, without Cromwell, there was no clear leader or system of government
- people wanted stability and a king

35
Q

the Restoration

A

in 1660, Parliament invited Charles II to come back from exile in the Netherlands
- crowned King Charles II of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland

generally, Parliament supported his policies

Church of England became the established official Church, both Roman Catholics and Puritans kept out of power

36
Q

plague in 1665

A

during Charles II’s reign, there was a major outbreak of plague in London
- thousands died, in poorer areas

37
Q

fire in 1666

A

destroyed much of the city, including many churches and St Paul’s Cathedral

London rebuilt with a new St Paul’s, which was designed by a famous architect, Sir Christopher Wren
- Samuel Pepys wrote about these events in a diary that was later published and still read today

38
Q

Habeas Corpus Act

A

became law in 1679
- important piece of legislation which remains relevant today

guaranteed that no one could be held prisoner unlawfully
- every prisoner has a right to a court hearing

39
Q

Charles II and science

A

Royal Society formed to promote natural knowledge
- oldest surviving scientific society in the world

early members included Sir Edmund Halley (predicted the return of the comet) and Sir Isaac Newton

40
Q

Isaac Newton

A

born in Lincolnshire

important figure in science

most famous published work showed how gravity applied to the whole universe

discovered that white light is made up of the colours of the rainbow

41
Q

Charles II’s heir

A

no legitimate children, died in 1685

his brother James, who was Roman Catholic, became James II in England, Wales and Ireland and James VII in Scotland
- heirs were two daughters who were Protestant but then he had a son

42
Q

the Glorious Revolution

A

James II’s eldest daughter was married to her cousin William of Orange, the Protestant ruler of the Netherlands

in 1688, Protestants in England asked William to invade England and proclaim himself king
- no resistance when he did this so he took the throne, becoming William III in England, Wales and Ireland and William II of Scotland

guaranteed the power of Parliament, ending the threat of a monarch ruling on his/her own as he/she wished

James II wanted to regain the throne and invaded Ireland with a French army
- William defeated James II at the Battle of Boyne in 1690

also support for James in Scotland
- attempt of an armed rebellion in support of James defeated at Killiecrankie
- all Scottish clans required to formally accept William as king by taking an oath
- MacDonalds of Glencoe were late in taking the oath and were all killed

Life in the UK (14 decks)

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