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A-level History- War of the Roses > The triumph of the Yorkists, 1461–1471 > Flashcards

The triumph of the Yorkists, 1461–1471 Flashcards

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1
Q

what areas of England continued to hold out against Edward IV after the Battle of Towton?

A

The north east and North wales

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2
Q

what were the castles which were held by lancastrian garrisons in the North east?

A

Bamburgh, Alnwick, Dunstanburgh

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3
Q

Who did Edward send to finish off the Lancs in the North east

A

Earl of warwick and Sir John Neville

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4
Q

when do the castles in the north east finally submit for the first time?

A

1462

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5
Q

Who does Edward offer pardon too in the north east but want does he do?

A

Ralph percy- betrays edward twice

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6
Q

What titles was warwick rewarded with during the early part of edwards 1st reign>

A

Captain of calais, Constable of Dover castle, Chief Steward of much of the Duchy of lancaster, Admiral of England, Warden of the North and welsh marches

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7
Q

what controversial title is Sir John neville given?

A

Earl of Northumberland

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8
Q

what title is George Neville, Bishop of Exeter given?

A

Archbishop of York, second most important church position and chancellor

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9
Q

were the nevilles happy with there promotions?

A

No warwick wanted more and more

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10
Q

who was tasked with finding Edward a wife?

A

warwick

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11
Q

why was marrying a foreign princess better than an english one?

A

Can use it for alliances, Trade agreements, recognition, and make heirs higher born
Also marrying an english bird can upset other families

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12
Q

when does Elizabeth Woodville secretly marry Edward?

A

1st may 1464

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13
Q

when does Edward tell warwick that he has married Elizabeth?

A

September

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14
Q

why was marrying elizabeth a bad mistake?

A
  • Relatively low born: Sir Richard Woodville was a lancastrian household knight, mother was Jacquetta of Luxembourg
  • Lancastrian family originally
  • She was a widow with two sons
  • Large family which Edward had to give titles and land too aswell as findinding them a partner
  • Warwick didnt like them
  • Family links to Burgundy when warwick was francophile
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15
Q

what was Sir Richard woodville promoted to?

A

earl Rivers
treasurer of England
Constable of england (1466)

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16
Q

what was Anthony woodville (eldest brother of Elizabeth) Promoted too?

A

lord scales

steward of the isle of wight

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17
Q

how does Edward manipulate the marriage market?

A

married off the woodville family to other nobles offsprings which annoyed warwick because he was also looking for a potential partner for his daughters

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18
Q

what is William herbert promoted to?

A

Earl of pembroke

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19
Q

who was the former earl of pembroke and where was he?

A

jasper tudor, exile in Brittany

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20
Q

what promotion was Lord hastings given?

A

Chamberlain and put in charge of the lancastrain midlands

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21
Q

what was a classic failure in clemancy for edward?

A

Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset: Co- Commander of Lancs at Towton. He was then attainted and pardoned and in 1463 had his lands, titles and castles returned to him he also socialised with the king and even went riding together alone. however he betrays ed and escapes up north and leads the battle of hedgley moor and then Hexham where he is killed

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22
Q

who else was pardoned but then betrayed ed?

A

Earl of Oxford- goes to scotland

Ralph percy- beheaded

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23
Q

when was the battle of Hedgeley moor?

A

25th April 1464

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24
Q

who died at the battle of hedgeley moor?

A

Henry Percy

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25
Q

who won the battle of hedgeley moor and what did this mean allowed to happen

A

Sir John Montagu (yorkists)- a scootish party was able to travel through engalnd and negotiate a treaty to avoid them invading

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26
Q

when was the battle of Hexham?

A

15th may 1464

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27
Q

who died at the battle of hexham and its aftermath?

A

Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset
Lord Hungerford
Lord Roos

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28
Q

what was the significance of the battle of hexham?

A

it was the end of the lancastrain resistance in the north

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29
Q

who won the battle of hexham?

A

John Montagu (yorkists)

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30
Q

when was the battle of twt hill and what was its significance?

A

16th October 1461- drove out open lancastrian resistance in wales and left only Harlech as resistance

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31
Q

who was involved at the battle of twt hill?

A

Yorkists: William herbert, Lord ferrers and henry bourchier, Earl of essex
Lancastrians: Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke and Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter

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32
Q

what happened to the lancs fighting at twt hill?

A

Pembrok fled to ireland

Exeter fled to Burgundy

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33
Q

What did Warwick and Edward fall out the most about?

A

Foreign policy- Warwick is a Francophile and the woodvilles love burgundy

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34
Q

How does Edward make the situation worse with Warwick in 1467?

A

Sends him to France to organise an alliance treaty while ed holds a tournament in Smithfield, London and gets Anthony Woodville and Antoine le grand bastard de bourgoigne to joust. At the same time the bastard of burgundy was negotiating treaty in London.

35
Q

Who sees what Ed is doing at the tournament and what does he try and do?

A

George Neville and he tries to block the treaty

36
Q

What does ed do to George Neville that intensifies the situation?

A

Sacks him as chancellor

37
Q

What does Ed do when Warwick arrives back with the French embassy?

A

He refuses to see them

38
Q

When does ed ally with the Burgundians and what consolidates this treaty?

A

1468- Margaret of York marries Duke Charles

39
Q

Who is George, Duke of Clarence and how old is he in 1469?

A

Ed’s eldest bro- born in 1449 so is 20 years old

40
Q

Who does Clarence want to marry but why does ed oppose this?

A

Isabell Neville- it would make the Neville’s more powerful

41
Q

Why were people unhappy with Ed in 1469?

A
  • Tax in 1468 for war against France that didn’t happen
  • Poor economic situation
  • Merchants unhappy with Burgundian alliance because it cost them more money to trade with France
  • Disorder in North
  • Woodvilles were not liked
42
Q

When was the rebellion of robin of holderness and what did it want?

A

April 1469- Wanted the return of the percies

43
Q

When was the rebellion of the robin of reds dale and what did it want?

A

June 1469- reform of government, get rid of evil counsellors, return of bibles of the blood

44
Q

which side were the woodvilles in terms of foreign policy? French or Burgundian? and why?

A

Burgundian becuase the queens mother (Jacquetta of Luxembourg) was related to the Duke of Burgundy

45
Q

which side was Warwick on in terms of foreign policy?

A

french

46
Q

when does edward hold the jousting tournament in smithfield, London

A

1467

47
Q

how old was ed when he was crowned?

A

19

48
Q

what were the three areas that warwick and ed fell out over?

A

marriage (eds marriage)
foreign policy: wanted an alliance with France
family: wanted to promote his fam and marry his daughters to prominent families

49
Q

why was george neville sacked as chancellor in 1467?

A

he found out about the alliance between england and burgundy and tried to block it

50
Q

what could edward of done to handle relations with warwick better?

A

he could of told him about the marriage to Elizabeth woodville when it happened and told him about the treaty with burgundy rather than keeping him in the dark.

51
Q

when did edward marry Elizabeth woodville and when did he announce it to the council?

A

1st May 1464- Marriage

September 1464- announced it

52
Q

when was the rebellion of Robin of Redesdale?

A

April 1469

53
Q

who defeated the rebellion of Robin of Holderness?

A

John Neville, Earl of Northumberland

54
Q

When and where was the illegal marriage of Clarence and Isabel Neville?

A

11th July 1469- Calais

55
Q

when do Warwick, Clarence and Isabel Neville return from calais?

A

11th july 1469

56
Q

when is the battle of edgecoat?

A

26th July 1469

57
Q

who is killed at the battle of edge coat?

A

Earl Rivers, Earl of Pembroke and Sir John Woodville

58
Q

what happens after edgecoat?

A

wawick captures Ed at Olney, Befordshire. tries to rule in his name but cant and local disorder erupts

59
Q

when is warwick forced to release ed?

A

September 1469

60
Q

why did the Lincolnshire rebellion start?

A
  • initial family feud between the wells family and the burgh family
  • warwick agreed to help the welles family because the family had fallen foul under Edward
61
Q

how did Edward know that Warwick and Clarence were behind the rebellion initially?

A

he called them to support him against the rebels and they agreed but they changed there course as if to meet up with rebels rather than the king

62
Q

when is the battle of Losecoat field?

A

12th march 1470

63
Q

describe the events at the battle of losecoat field

A
  • Edward had Lord Welles (previously taken prisoner) executed in front of the rebels
  • the rebels charge at the king and the king sends him at them as well
  • Before the two armies reach each other the rebels break and run
64
Q

who was killed in the battle or afterwards?

A

Lord Welles, Sir Robert Welles

65
Q

what were the consequences of the battle of Lose coat?

A

Warwick and Clarence had to flee the country

66
Q

where do warwick and clarence go first after losecoat and what happens?

A

calais- Lord wenlock (warwicks own deputy as captain of calais) refuses them entry

67
Q

where does warwick and clarence flee to second after being refused entry from calais?

A

France

68
Q

what is the treaty called which allies Warwick and the lancastrians together and when was it?

A

Treaty of Angers-July 1470

69
Q

what also is secured in the treaty of angers?

A

edward of Lancaster marries anne Neville

70
Q

when warwick returned to england in september 1470 why was edward in a bad place?

A
  • the royal fleet had been dispersed by a storm
  • edward was in the north dealing with a rebellion inspired by Lord Fitzhugh
  • As edward moved south John Neville switched to his brothers side
71
Q

how much money was Warwick making per year from his estates and offices?

A

£12000 (8.5 million in todays money)

72
Q

why did john neville, Marquis of montagu switch to warwicks side?

A

Edwar had decided to restore henry Percy to the earldom of northumberland earlier in the year meaning that he had lost land and the eastern wardenship

73
Q

what was john neville compensated with by edward?

A

Made Marquis of Montagu and his son betrothed to Edwards daughter

74
Q

where did edward flee too and who with in 1470?

A

Burgundy- Gloucester, rivers and hastings

75
Q

why did warwick struggle to run the country in 1470/71

A

there were alot of nobles created by edward that controlled lands which had previously been owned by lancastrians so they would have to give them up if Henry VI was restored

76
Q

who was an example of a noble which had little to gain under a lancastrian monarchy

A

-Duke of Clarence

77
Q

what did warwick do that shot himself in the foot?

A

-Kept his promise to Louis XI that england would renew war with burgundy by ordering that the calais garrison should attack burgundy in Feb 1471. This turned London against him as the merchants would not give him loans to pay for the war. on top of this some of the lancastrians wanted to seek an alliance with burgundy in order to isolate Edward IV suchas the Duke of somerset and exeter

78
Q

what did the war against burgundy cause Charles the bold to do?

A

Support Edward IV and thus gave him£20,000 to afford 1200 men and 36 ships

79
Q

where does edward have to land in march 1471?

A

ravenspur- Yorkshire

80
Q

what did edward have to do to make sure people didnt attack him after he had landed

A

Swear that he had only returned to reclaim his ducal title (Duke of York)

81
Q

what are the reasons for why edward re took the throne in 1471?

A
  • Avoided attack by claiming that he only wanted to reclaim his ducal title
  • Warwick didnt come out from hiding in coventry so edward was able to march on London
  • Got major support in the midlands because he had lord hastings with him
  • Weather conditions at the battle of barnet were poor which meant that The earl of oxford attacked warwicks forces accidentally
  • When Henry VI is paraded by Archbishop Neville people think he is a crazy old man and much prefer the look of the 6Ft 4, young Edward raising support
  • Sir Richard Beauchamp stopped Margaret of Anjou getting through Gloucester and into wales, allowing her to meet up with Jasper Tudor. This meant that edward could face her at tewkesbury
82
Q

when was the battle of Barnet?

A

14th April 1471

83
Q

who died at Barnet?

A

warwick and Montagu

84
Q

when was the battle of tewkesbury?

A

4th may 1471

A-level History- War of the Roses (6 decks)

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