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Anatomy > The Tissues > Flashcards

The Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What process creates a zygote?

A

Fertilization

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2
Q

Describe the process of fertilization

A

Fertilization is when the fusion of a sperm and ovum creates a zygote (the first cell of new organism, a diploid)
Typically occurs in the upper part of the uterine tube
The combining of maternal and paternal chromosomes

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3
Q

What are the stages of creating primary germ layers and embryonic membranes?

A
  1. Cleavage
  2. Blastocyst
  3. Implantation
  4. Gastrulation
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4
Q

Describe the first stage Cleavage

A

This stage begins 24hrs after fertilization, rapid mitotic cell division (daughter cells continue to get smaller)
Blastomeres- identical formed by cleavage divisions and individual cells make up the morula
Morula- solid mass of blastomeres surrounded by zone pellucid, usually reaches uterus approx 4 DAYS after fertilization

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5
Q

What does the zona pellucida do?

A

It protects the cells

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6
Q

Describe the first part of 2nd stage Blastocyst

A

Blastocyst is a hollow ball which forms when the morula contains EXACTLY 33 CELLS , uterine cavity
Begins at day 4-5
Morula arrives at the uterus
The zona pellucida degenerates by getting smaller and smaller

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7
Q

Describe the 2nd part of blastocyst stage

A

Mitotic divisions continue
The end of 5th DAY the blastocyst is composed of 100s of cells
The smaller they get the more they differentiate
2 types of cells are created
Trophoblast and embryo blast

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8
Q

What is a trohphoblast?

A

Forms outer wall (the shell) of blastocysts
Will develop into bacteria of the fetus

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9
Q

What is a embryoblast?

A

Inside mass
Will develop into the embryo

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10
Q

What is the 3rd stage of tissues

A

Implantation

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11
Q

What is the first part of implantation?

A

Trophoblast cells secrete enzymes which break down the zona pellucida and allows the blastocyst to hatch at the end of day 4
Blastocyst free floats in the uterine cavity until day 7-8, when it adheres to the endometrium and sticks to the uterine wall

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12
Q

What is the 2nd stage of implantation

A

The trophoblast cells form 2 distinct layers
Cellular trophoblast/Cytotropjoblast- inner layer each have plasma membrane
Syncytial trophoblast/syncytiotrophoblast- outer layer becomes multicellular mass, fuse together loses individually, functions as 1 cell continues to burrow deep
Implantation takes 1 week and is finished by day 14
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) - begins to be secreted it prevents menstruation, later secreted by chorion, the placenta takes over the secretion, luteinizing hormone which helps to maintain uterine lining

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13
Q

What is the 3rd stage of implementation?

A

The inner cell mass becomes a Blaine embryonic disc
Hypoblast- deeper layer
Epiblast- superficial layers
Separation in epiblast become amniotic cavity- filled with amniotic fluid
- cavity and fluid grows as embryo grows
-embryo floats in amniotic fluid

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14
Q

What is the function of amniotic fluid?

A

Helps organs grow separately (not stick together) and provides bouncy, free movement, protection of embryo, thermal protection, provides nutrients

Ex- helps fingers separate

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15
Q

What is the 4th stage tissue development?

A

Gastrulation

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16
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

Formation of the primary germ layers

-embryonic disc elongates
-disc turns into three-layered-embryo
-germ layers
-endoderm (internal)
-ectoderm (external)
-mesoderm (middle)
-mesenchyme
-notochord
All body organs come from primary germ layers

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17
Q

What is the trilaminar embryonic disc?

A

Raised grooves appear on dorsal surface create primative streak

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18
Q

Describe the endoderm layer of the primary germ layers

A

Internal, tightly packed

Creates epithelial linings of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems, and glands associated with these systems

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19
Q

Describe the ectoderm layer of the primary germ layers

A

External, remains at dorsal layer, tightly packed

The structures of the nervous system and the skin epidermis

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20
Q

Describe the mesoderm layer of the primary germ layers

A

Middle layer, stays between endo + ectoderm, disorganized usually becomes connective tissue

2 types
Mesenchyme
Notochord- long streak, in the middle, forms spine

Creates all other organs from the body

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21
Q

Define tissues

A

Groups of similar cells which are specialized to perform a specific function

22
Q

Define histology

A

The study of tissues (hist- tissue)

23
Q

Define epithelial ET

A

Covers exposed areas in the body, forms glands

24
Q

Define connective CT

A

Fills spaces, blood

25
Q

Define muscle tissue

A

Specialized to contract and cause movement
Skeletal muscles cause heat, helps maintain body temp

26
Q

Define nervous tissue

A

Internal brain communication

27
Q

What are the 3 features to help stabilize anchor and stabilize tissues

A

Glycoproteins on cell surface- help cells stick to fibers and stay in place

Basement membranes- ET tissues, helps them stay in place

Intercellular junctions- holds cells together at points of contact

28
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

They result from fusing transmembranes of adjacent cells
-holds cell very close together no intercellular space
-very common in ET tissues

29
Q

What are adherens junctions?

A

Dense protein layer at inner surface attaches to membrane proteins and cytoskeletal proteins
Transmembrane glycoproteins called cadherins- attached intercellular to a plaque
Adhesion belts are often present in epithelial tissues

30
Q

What are cadherins?

A

Creates an “adhesion belt” around epithelial cells,
Prevents them from ripping and tearing

31
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

Similar to adherens junction
have intermediate filiaments
allow tissues to pull and stretch
present in the skin, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, cervix of the uterus

32
Q

What are hemidesmosomes?

A

Has transmembrane integrin proteins
integrins attach to laminins on outside of cell
only has 1 plaque
fx- anchor cells to basement membrane

33
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Adjacent cells are close together
fused transmembrane proteins - forms connexons
present in the heart

34
Q

What are connexons?

A

They are hollow cylinders in gap juncitons that form the “gap”
it allows the passage of molecutes
movement of solutes

35
Q

Describe special characteristics of epithelial tissues

A

High degree of cells
Tightly packed
relies on cellular junctions
polarity!!!
- the cells are different in the apical surface and basal surface
avascularity- NO BLOOD VESSELS
high regenerative capability- heals fast
covers body surfaces- ex:skin
regulares materials that enter/leave body
-absorptions+ excretion
-filtration+excretion
May contain cilla

36
Q

What is/describe grandular epithelium

A

glands- produce and secrete secretions

either endocrine or exocrine

37
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

secretes homornes directly into the intersitital fluid surrounding the cell
secrete hormones, hormones enter the blood

38
Q

What is an exocrine gland?

A

May be unicellular pr multicellular
unicellular- secreted on the epithelial surface
multicellular- secrete product into a duct that opens on an epithelial surface

39
Q

What is a merocrine gland?

A

produced on rough ER
secrete by exocytosis, cell not damaged
most common type of multi exocrine gland
EX- salivary glands, sweat glands

40
Q

What is a holocrine gland?

A

Entire cell become laden with secretory procuts, THEN BURTS
cell is destroyed
mature cell ruptures and then is pushed away from basement membrane

41
Q

What is a apocrine gland?

A

accumulates secretory products in the apical region of the cell
pinches off part of the apical region
many mammals have them but are unsure for humans (NOT FOUND YET)

42
Q

Describe special characteristics of connective tissue

A

Most abundant tissue in the body
consists of
-connective tissue
-cartilage
-bone
-blood
They all have common embryonic origin
widley scattered cells
composed of extracellular matrix & cells
all CT arises from mesenchyme
Fibers

43
Q

What is the extracellular matrix of CT

A

consists of substance and fibers
unstructured material between the cells
intersitial fluid which is water, cellular adhesion molecules,
fiber 3-
collagen
elastic
reticular

44
Q

What are the fibers of the extracellular matrix?

A

collagen fibers
elastic fibers
reticular fibers

45
Q

Describe collagen fibers

A

the strongest type, most abundant. long fibers, unbranched, large diameter, ropes, stain lavender, can bend but not stretch

46
Q

Describe elastic fibers

A

formed from protein elastics, wavy branched structures, can stretch when tissue is pulled

47
Q

Describe reticular fibers

A

thin diameters, branches short, form networks, resists pulling and stretching

48
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage

49
Q

describe hyaline cartilage

A

glossy, bluish- white in appearence
the most abundant type of cartilage in the body

50
Q

describe fibrocartilage

A

little ground substance
matrix contains dense parallel masses of collagenous fibers
very tough tissue
strongest type of cartilage
parallel fibers

51
Q

describe elastic cartilage

A

similar to hyaline
more elastic fibrs
very dark fibers
very elastic

52
Q

Describe bone

A

2 types
compact bone- osteons, tree rings
spongy bone- looks like sponge, hard to see on microcrope

Main unit is osteon
-lamaellae
osteocytes
canaliculi

Anatomy (4 decks)

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