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Anatomy > The Tissues > Flashcards

The Tissues Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

What process creates a zygote?

A

Fertilization

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2
Q

Describe the process of fertilization

A

Fertilization is when the fusion of a sperm and ovum creates a zygote (the first cell of new organism, a diploid)
Typically occurs in the upper part of the uterine tube
The combining of maternal and paternal chromosomes

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3
Q

What are the stages of creating primary germ layers and embryonic membranes?

A
  1. Cleavage
  2. Blastocyst
  3. Implantation
  4. Gastrulation
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4
Q

Describe the first stage Cleavage

A

This stage begins 24hrs after fertilization, rapid mitotic cell division (daughter cells continue to get smaller)
Blastomeres- identical formed by cleavage divisions and individual cells make up the morula
Morula- solid mass of blastomeres surrounded by zone pellucid, usually reaches uterus approx 4 DAYS after fertilization

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5
Q

What does the zona pellucida do?

A

It protects the cells

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6
Q

Describe the first part of 2nd stage Blastocyst

A

Blastocyst is a hollow ball which forms when the morula contains EXACTLY 33 CELLS , uterine cavity
Begins at day 4-5
Morula arrives at the uterus
The zona pellucida degenerates by getting smaller and smaller

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7
Q

Describe the 2nd part of blastocyst stage

A

Mitotic divisions continue
The end of 5th DAY the blastocyst is composed of 100s of cells
The smaller they get the more they differentiate
2 types of cells are created
Trophoblast and embryo blast

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8
Q

What is a trohphoblast?

A

Forms outer wall (the shell) of blastocysts
Will develop into bacteria of the fetus

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9
Q

What is a embryoblast?

A

Inside mass
Will develop into the embryo

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10
Q

What is the 3rd stage of tissues

A

Implantation

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11
Q

What is the first part of implantation?

A

Trophoblast cells secrete enzymes which break down the zona pellucida and allows the blastocyst to hatch at the end of day 4
Blastocyst free floats in the uterine cavity until day 7-8, when it adheres to the endometrium and sticks to the uterine wall

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12
Q

What is the 2nd stage of implantation

A

The trophoblast cells form 2 distinct layers
Cellular trophoblast/Cytotropjoblast- inner layer each have plasma membrane
Syncytial trophoblast/syncytiotrophoblast- outer layer becomes multicellular mass, fuse together loses individually, functions as 1 cell continues to burrow deep
Implantation takes 1 week and is finished by day 14
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) - begins to be secreted it prevents menstruation, later secreted by chorion, the placenta takes over the secretion, luteinizing hormone which helps to maintain uterine lining

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13
Q

What is the 3rd stage of implementation?

A

The inner cell mass becomes a Blaine embryonic disc
Hypoblast- deeper layer
Epiblast- superficial layers
Separation in epiblast become amniotic cavity- filled with amniotic fluid
- cavity and fluid grows as embryo grows
-embryo floats in amniotic fluid

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14
Q

What is the function of amniotic fluid?

A

Helps organs grow separately (not stick together) and provides bouncy, free movement, protection of embryo, thermal protection, provides nutrients

Ex- helps fingers separate

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15
Q

What is the 4th stage tissue development?

A

Gastrulation

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16
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

Formation of the primary germ layers

-embryonic disc elongates
-disc turns into three-layered-embryo
-germ layers
-endoderm (internal)
-ectoderm (external)
-mesoderm (middle)
-mesenchyme
-notochord
All body organs come from primary germ layers

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17
Q

What is the trilaminar embryonic disc?

A

Raised grooves appear on dorsal surface create primative streak

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18
Q

Describe the endoderm layer of the primary germ layers

A

Internal, tightly packed

Creates epithelial linings of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems, and glands associated with these systems

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19
Q

Describe the ectoderm layer of the primary germ layers

A

External, remains at dorsal layer, tightly packed

The structures of the nervous system and the skin epidermis

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20
Q

Describe the mesoderm layer of the primary germ layers

A

Middle layer, stays between endo + ectoderm, disorganized usually becomes connective tissue

2 types
Mesenchyme
Notochord- long streak, in the middle, forms spine

Creates all other organs from the body

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21
Q

Define tissues

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A

Groups of similar cells which are specialized to perform a specific function

22
Q

Define histology

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A

The study of tissues (hist- tissue)

23
Q

Define epithelial ET

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A

Covers exposed areas in the body, forms glands

24
Q

Define connective CT

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A

Fills spaces, blood

25
Define muscle tissue
Specialized to contract and cause movement Skeletal muscles cause heat, helps maintain body temp
26
Define nervous tissue
Internal brain communication
27
What are the 3 features to help stabilize anchor and stabilize tissues
Glycoproteins on cell surface- help cells stick to fibers and stay in place Basement membranes- ET tissues, helps them stay in place Intercellular junctions- holds cells together at points of contact
28
What are tight junctions?
They result from fusing transmembranes of adjacent cells -holds cell very close together no intercellular space -very common in ET tissues
29
What are adherens junctions?
Dense protein layer at inner surface attaches to membrane proteins and cytoskeletal proteins Transmembrane glycoproteins called cadherins- attached intercellular to a plaque Adhesion belts are often present in epithelial tissues
30
What are cadherins?
Creates an “adhesion belt” around epithelial cells, Prevents them from ripping and tearing
31
What are desmosomes?
Similar to adherens junction have intermediate filiaments allow tissues to pull and stretch present in the skin, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, cervix of the uterus
32
What are hemidesmosomes?
Has transmembrane integrin proteins integrins attach to laminins on outside of cell only has 1 plaque fx- anchor cells to basement membrane
33
What are gap junctions?
Adjacent cells are close together fused transmembrane proteins - forms connexons present in the heart
34
What are connexons?
They are hollow cylinders in gap juncitons that form the "gap" it allows the passage of molecutes movement of solutes
35
Describe special characteristics of epithelial tissues
High degree of cells Tightly packed relies on cellular junctions polarity!!! - the cells are different in the apical surface and basal surface avascularity- NO BLOOD VESSELS high regenerative capability- heals fast covers body surfaces- ex:skin regulares materials that enter/leave body -absorptions+ excretion -filtration+excretion May contain cilla
36
What is/describe grandular epithelium
glands- produce and secrete secretions either endocrine or exocrine
37
What is an endocrine gland?
secretes homornes directly into the intersitital fluid surrounding the cell secrete hormones, hormones enter the blood
38
What is an exocrine gland?
May be unicellular pr multicellular unicellular- secreted on the epithelial surface multicellular- secrete product into a duct that opens on an epithelial surface
39
What is a merocrine gland?
produced on rough ER secrete by exocytosis, cell not damaged most common type of multi exocrine gland EX- salivary glands, sweat glands
40
What is a holocrine gland?
Entire cell become laden with secretory procuts, THEN BURTS cell is destroyed mature cell ruptures and then is pushed away from basement membrane
41
What is a apocrine gland?
accumulates secretory products in the apical region of the cell pinches off part of the apical region many mammals have them but are unsure for humans (NOT FOUND YET)
42
Describe special characteristics of connective tissue
Most abundant tissue in the body consists of -connective tissue -cartilage -bone -blood They all have common embryonic origin widley scattered cells composed of extracellular matrix & cells all CT arises from mesenchyme Fibers
43
What is the extracellular matrix of CT
consists of substance and fibers unstructured material between the cells intersitial fluid which is water, cellular adhesion molecules, fiber 3- collagen elastic reticular
44
What are the fibers of the extracellular matrix?
collagen fibers elastic fibers reticular fibers
45
Describe collagen fibers
the strongest type, most abundant. long fibers, unbranched, large diameter, ropes, stain lavender, can bend but not stretch
46
Describe elastic fibers
formed from protein elastics, wavy branched structures, can stretch when tissue is pulled
47
Describe reticular fibers
thin diameters, branches short, form networks, resists pulling and stretching
48
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
hyaline cartilage fibrocartilage elastic cartilage
49
describe hyaline cartilage
glossy, bluish- white in appearence the most abundant type of cartilage in the body
50
describe fibrocartilage
little ground substance matrix contains dense parallel masses of collagenous fibers very tough tissue strongest type of cartilage parallel fibers
51
describe elastic cartilage
similar to hyaline more elastic fibrs very dark fibers very elastic
52
Describe bone
2 types compact bone- osteons, tree rings spongy bone- looks like sponge, hard to see on microcrope Main unit is osteon -lamaellae osteocytes canaliculi

Anatomy (4 decks)

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