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ANAT241 module 4 > The thoracic wall, diaphragm, and mechanics of breathing > Flashcards

The thoracic wall, diaphragm, and mechanics of breathing Flashcards

1
Q

what structures are superficial to the thorax?

A

Skin and superficial fascia
- includes breast tissue
Bones
-Clavicle
-Scapula
Muscles and deep fascia
-Pectoralis major
Serratus anterior
Rectus abdominis

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2
Q

where does pectoralis major attach?

A

At the clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages
humerua

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3
Q

what innervates the pectoralis major?

A

medial and lateral pectoral nerves

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4
Q

where does serratus anterior attach?

A

ribs 1-9, intercostal fascia
- medial border of the scapula

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5
Q

what innervates the serratus anterior?

A

long thoracic nerve

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6
Q

where does the rectus abdominis attach?

A

Costal cartilages of ribs 5-7, xiphoid process
Pubic bones and joint

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7
Q

what innervates the rectus abdominis?

A

Anterior rami of T7-T12 spinal nerves

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8
Q

where is the sternocostal joint?

A

Between the sternum and the cartilage of the ribs

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9
Q

what type of joints are the sternocostal joints?

A

synovial
except between the sternum and R1, this is a cartilaginous joint

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10
Q

what is the sternocostal joint between the sternum and cartilage of R1 cartilaginous?

A

It does not support movement as important structures move through the anterior apature of the thoracix cage

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11
Q

where are the costochondral joints?

A

Between the ribs and cartilage

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12
Q

what type of joint are the costochondral joints?

A

cartilaginous

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13
Q

what are interchondral joints?

A

Joints between rib 6-9 costal cartilages

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14
Q

what type of joints are interchondral joints?

A

synovial

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15
Q

what are the anterior thoacic age joints?

A

Sternocostal
Costochondral
Interchondral

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16
Q

what are the posteruor thoracic cage joints?

A

Costovertebral
Costotransverse

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17
Q

what type of joints are costovertebral and costotransverse joints?

A

synovial

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18
Q

what is a costovertebral joint between?

A

Head of the rib and vertebral body

19
Q

what is the costotransverse joint between?

A

Tubercle of the rib
Transverse process of the vertebra

20
Q

what is the function of synovial joints in the thoracic cage?

A

They allow movement of the rib cage during respiration

21
Q

what are the muscles of the thoracic wall intercostal space?

A

External, internal and innermost

22
Q

what are the nerve of the thoracic intercostal space?

A

Intercostal nerves

23
Q

what are the blood vessels of the thoracic intercostal space?

A

Anterior/posterior intercostal arteries and veins

24
Q

where are the blood vessels and nerves in the thoracic intercostal space?

A

Between the internal and innermost intercostal muscle layers

25
Q

what is the endothoracic fascia?

A

Connective tissue layer

26
Q

where is the endothoracic fascia?

A

deep to the innermost intercostal muscle

27
Q

what are the features of the external intercostal muscles?

A

fiber direction- anteriorly, inferiorly

Contract to life the thoracic cage during inspiration

28
Q

what are the features of the internal and innermost intercostal muscles?

A

Fiber direction - posteriorly, inferiorly

Contract to lower the thoracic cage during forced expiration

29
Q

what are the arteries of the intercostal space?

A

Anterior intercostal artery

Blood flows down to the subclavian artery, then the internal thoracic artery, then the anterior intercostal artery

The posterior intercostal artery,

Blood flows into the thoracic aorta, then the posterior intercostal artery.

30
Q

what are the veins of the intercostal space?

A

Anterior intercostal veins

Internal thoracic vein flows into the subclavian vein

Posterior intercostal vein

Azygos system
- drain into hemiazygouse vein or accessory hemiazoygous vein depending on the location

31
Q

what is the Azygos system?

A

Anastomotic pathway to drain blood from body wall to superior vena cava

Azygos vein
- main drainage on the right
Hemiazygos vein
Accessory hemiazygos vein
- main drainage on left
-drain into azygos vein

32
Q

what are the features of the intercostal nerves?

A

Accompany blood vessles
Ventral ramus of spinal nerves
Supply intercostal muscles, skin and parietal pleura

33
Q

what makes up the floor of the thoracic cavity?

A

the diaphragm

34
Q

what features of the thoracic floor?

A

fills inferior thoracic aperture
Separates thoracic from abdominopelvic cavity

Radiating muscle fibres
Central tendon

35
Q

what are the features of the diaphragm shape?

A

Dome-shaped with relaxed
Flat when contracted

36
Q

what innervated the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve

37
Q

what is the blood supply to the diaphragm?

A

the internal thoracic artery

38
Q

what are the apertures within the diaphragm?

A

Aortic hiatus
Vena caval foramen
Oesophageal hiatus

39
Q

what is the function of the aortic hiatus?

A

T12 level
Descending aorta, thoracic duct, azygous vein run through

40
Q

what is the function of the vena caval foramen?

A

T8 level
Inferior vena cava runs through

41
Q

what is the Oesophageal hiatus?

A

T10 level
Oesophagus, vagus nerves

42
Q

what happens in the thoracic cavity during inspiration?

A

External intercostal muscles contract
- the rib cage rises and expands
- diaphragm contracts to become flattened

This increases the thoracic cavity volume

Lungs stretch
Lung volume increases
Intrapulmonary pressure goes down

Air flows down the pressure gradient, moving into the lungs

43
Q

what happens in the thoracic cavity during expiration?

A

External intercostal muscle relax

The rib cage descends and reduces

Diaphragm relaxes and rises, becomes dome shaped

Lungs recoil and the thoracic cavity volume decreases

Lung volume goes down and intrapulmonary pressure goes up

Air flows down the pressure gradient, which is now higher inside than out, so air moves out of the lungs

ANAT241 module 4 (5 decks)

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