The thoracic cavity, and lungs

Question 1

what are the layers of the lung pleura?

Answer 1

Visceral pleura
Pleural cavity
Parietal cavity

Question 2

what are the features of lung pleura?

Answer 2

continuous with each other, and attached to mediastinum by root of lungs

Question 3

what are the features of the pleural cavity?

Answer 3

Potential space in the lining
Filled with serous fluid
friction-free environment
Movement of lungs without pain

Question 4

what is the function of serous fluid in the pleural cavity?

Answer 4

only a small amount of fluid in the pleural cavity
- just enough to provide no friction

Question 5

what is the interpleural pressure?

Answer 5

Negative interpleura pressure which hold the parietal and visceral pleurae together

Question 6

what are the subclasifications of the perietal pleura?

Answer 6

Cervical
Costal
Diaphragmatic
Meidastinal

Question 7

where is the cervical parietal pleura?

Answer 7

Extends above the superior thoracic aperture

Question 8

where is the costal parietal pleura?

Answer 8

Inner surface of the thoracic wall

Question 9

where is the diaphragmatic parietal pleura?

Answer 9

Upper surface of the diaphragm

Question 10

where is the mediastinal parietal pleura?

Answer 10

Lateral surface of mediastinum

Question 11

what forms pleural recesses?

Answer 11

In normal respiration the lungs don’t fill the whole thoracic cavity

• the parietal pleura still lines the cavity
  -the visceral pleura still on the lung surface

Question 12

what are the 2 pleural recesses?

Answer 12

Costodiaphragmatic
Costomediastinal

Question 13

where is the costomediastinal pleural recess?

Answer 13

Between the costal pleura and mediastinal pleura

Question 14

what is the gross anatomy of the lung?

Answer 14

-Non-symmetrical, cone-shaped
-Apex shaped, superior “tip” is deep to the clavicle, above the first rib

the base of the lung in concave in shape as it sites above the diaphragm

The mediastinal surface has a concave impression to accomidate the lung (bigger onthe left side)
Has a root and a Hilum
has a pulmoary ligament

Question 15

what is within the root of the lung?

Answer 15

Structures that enter/exit the lung and pleura

Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins
Primary bronchii

Question 16

what are the features of the pulmonary arteries?

Answer 16

Superior, deoxygenated blood

Question 17

what are the features of the pulmonary veins?

Answer 17

Inferior, oxygenated blood

Question 18

what are the primary bronchii?

Answer 18

Posterior, cartilage

Question 19

what is the hilum of the lung?

Answer 19

-Depression of the medial surface of the lung
- Area on the lung where the structures forming the lung root enter the mediastinal surface fo the lungs

Question 20

what covers the lung root?

Answer 20

The root is overed by a sleeve of mediastinal pleura that reflects into the surface of the lung as visceral pleura

Question 21

what is the pulmonary ligament?

Answer 21

a double layer of pleura inferior to the root

Question 22

what is the function of the pulmonary ligament?

Answer 22

Accommodate the superior-inferior translation of the lung root during breathing
- the lung root moves up and down

Question 23

how many lobes do each lung have?

Answer 23

Right has 3 lobes
- superior
- middle
- inferior

Left has 2 lobes
- Superior
- Inferior

Question 24

what are the lung fissures?

Answer 24

Right lung
- Oblique and horzontal fissures

Left lung
- Oblique fissure

Question 25

what are the other distinguishing features of the lungs?

Answer 25

Cardiac impression is larger of the left lung

The right lung is shorter to accommodate for the liver

Question 26

what are the features of the lobe segments?

Answer 26

have different tertiary bronchi running into them

Separated from one another by connective tissue layers

Distinct blood and air supply

Surgically resectable
- can be removed without impacting the function of the rest of the lung

Question 27

what are the functions of the bronchial arteries?

Answer 27

Blood supply to lung tissue AND visceral pleura
- does not participate in gas exchange

Question 28

where do the bronchial arteries stem from?

Answer 28

The thoracic aorta
- two left bronchial arteries
- single right bronchial artery (may arise from posterior intercostal

Question 29

what is the bronchial venous circuit?

Answer 29

-bronchial veins drain lungs of blood supplied by the bronchial arteries

• contains deoxygenated blood

Question 30

what is the pulmonary venous circuit?

Answer 30

Pulmonary veins drain the lungs of blood supplied by the pulmonary artery

• contains oxygenated blood

Question 31

what are the bronchial veins?

Answer 31

Drain the larger bronchi, visceral pleura and area of the lung near the hilum

Question 32

where do the bronchial veins drain?

Answer 32

into the deep system
- into pulmonary veins or left atrium

Question 33

what is the superficial venous lung system?

Answer 33

-Azygos vein
-Accessory hemiazygos vein
-hemiazygos vein

Question 34

what is the trachealis muscle?

Answer 34

Smooth muscle
Runs longitudinally
Decreases the diameter

Question 35

how does decreasing the diameter of the trachealis muscle help is breathing?

Answer 35

regulation of the diameter increases the lung pressure and helps with coughing

Question 36

what makes up the trachea?

Answer 36

16-20 C-shaped rings
- hyaline cartilage
- prevents collapse
- “Open” posteriorly - esophagus

Question 37

what are the features of the primary bronchi?

Answer 37

Left and right
Part of lung root
Enter the lung at the hilum

Question 38

what are the features of the secondary bronchi?

Answer 38

secondary bronchi
on in each lobe
- 3 on the right
- 2 on the left

Question 39

what are the features of the tertiary bronchi?

Answer 39

one supplying each lobe segment
- lung segments that operate independently pf each other.

Question 40

where are foreign bodies most likely to enter the lungs?

Answer 40

Foreign bodies are morel likely to pass into the right side due to the orientation of the primary bronchi