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ANAT241 module 4 > Mediastinum I > Flashcards

Mediastinum I Flashcards

1
Q

what is within the inferior middle mediastinum?

A

heart
Pericardium

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2
Q

what seperates the inferior and superior mediastinum?

A

a line between the sternal angle and T-4

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3
Q

what is within the anterior inferior mediastinum?

A

Lymph nodes, vessels

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4
Q

what is contained within the inferior anterior mediastinum?

A

Sternum -> pericardium
Fat
Sternopericardial ligaments
Lymphatics
- lymphatic vessels
- Parasternal lymph nodes
Internal thoracic vessels

In children- the inferior thymus

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5
Q

what are the structures that the pericardium attaches to though connective tissue?

A

Vertebra
Sternum
Xiphoid
Diaphragm

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6
Q

what is the superior pericardial ligaments?

A

sternopericardial ligaments

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7
Q

what are the inferior pericardial ligaments?

A

xipho-pericardial

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8
Q

what is the role of the sternopericardial ligaments?

A

helps retain the heat in its position in the thoracic cavity

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9
Q

where does the thoracic lymphatic system originate?

A

Lymphatic vessles start from the anterior thoracic wall (the breast)

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10
Q

what is the lymphatic flow in the thorax?

A

Lymphatic vessels from anterior thoracic wall drain into the parasternal lymph nodes

The parasternal lymph nodes drain into the bronchomediastinal trunks

These drain into the subclavian veins

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11
Q

what are the parasternal lymph nodes associated with?

A

internal thoracic vessles

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12
Q

where do the internal thoracic arterier originate?

A

from the left and right subclavian arteries

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13
Q

where do the internal thoracic arteries branch?

A

to the anterior arteries and veins

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14
Q

what do the internal thoracic arteries supply?

A
  • intercostal muscles
  • Diaphragm
  • Pericardium
  • Thymus
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15
Q

where do the internal thoracic veins run?

A

Runs with the artery -> brachiocephalic veins

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16
Q

what are the features of the base of the heart?

A

-Proximal
-Broad, towards the right shoulder
- Left (and right) atria

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17
Q

what are the features of the apex of the heart?

A

-Distal
- Pointed
-Mid-claviculer line and 5th intercostal space
- left ventricle

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18
Q

what vessel feeds into the right side of the heart?

A

The superior and inferior vena cava

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19
Q

what vessel flows out of the right side of the heart?

A

Pulmonary trunk

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20
Q

what feeds into the left side of the heart?

A

4x pulmonary veins

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21
Q

what are the different sulci of the heart?

A

Coronary sulcus
Anterior and posterior interventricular sulci

22
Q

what are the features of the fetal heart that differ from the mature heart?

A
  • Circulation bypasses the lungs
  • Foramen ovale
  • Ductus arteriosus
    (both close after birth (in the first breath))
23
Q

what is the formen ovale?

A

In fetal heart
- hole connecting right and left atria

24
Q

what is the ductus arteriosus?

A

In fetal heart
- artery connecting pulmonary artery and aorta

25
Q

what is the fossa ovaslis?

A

The closed over formen ovale

  • it is covered in connective tissue
  • Interatrial septum
26
Q

what is the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

The ductus arteriosus becomes the ligamentum arteriosum

It connects the aortic arch to the pulmonary trunk

Connective tissue within the superior mediastinum

27
Q

what are the right side primary cardiac blood vessels?

A

Coronary
Posterior interventricular

28
Q

what are the left side primary cardiac blood vessels?

A

Coronary
Circumflex
Anterior interventricular
Coronary sinus

29
Q

what is the function of the heart atria?

A

to collect blood
-On the right side from the superior and inferior vena cavae
- On the left side from the pulomnary veins

30
Q

what is the role of the atrioventricular valves?

A

-Close on ventricular contraction to prevent backflow

31
Q

what is the right atrioventricular valve?

A

Tricuspid

32
Q

what is the left atrioventricular valve?

A

Bicuspid (mitral)

33
Q

what moves blood from the atria to the ventricles?

A

Pectinate muscles

34
Q

what is the role of the ventricles?

A

Pumps blood out of the heart
- on the right lungs to pulmonary trunk to arterier
- on the left to the rest of the body to the ascending aorta

35
Q

what are the features of the muscular ventricle walls?

A

Left is thicker than the right (bigger area to reach)
Trabeculae carnae
Papillary muscles
- AV valves
- Chordae tendinae

36
Q

what are the semilunar valves?

A

Right- Pulmonary valves
Left- aortic valve

37
Q

what are the layers of the heart wall?

A
  • Endocardium
  • Myocardium
  • Epicardium
  • Pericardium
38
Q

what are the features of the endocardium?

A

Inner myocardial surface
Lines chamers, valves
Simple squamouse epithelium + areolar tissue
Continuous with endothelium of the great vessels

39
Q

what are the features of the myocardium?

A
  • Heart muscles
  • Striated
  • Arranged in spiral bundles
  • Have intercalated discs
40
Q

what are the features of the heart muscles?

A

-concentric layers
- Blood vessels and nerves
- Thicker on the left side of the heart

41
Q

what are the heart muscles arranged in spiral bundels?

A

LInks all parts of the heart together

42
Q

what is the function of intercalated discs?

A

Joins muscle fibres end to end
-Contains gap junctions
- Allows rapid spread of excitation

43
Q

what are the features of the epicardium?

A
  • Outer surface
  • Visceral layer of serous pericardium
    Areolar tissue (closest to the myocardium)
    Mesothelium
  • closest to the pericardial cavity
  • secretes serous fluid
44
Q

what is the pericardium?

A

Sac of connective tissue covering the heart

45
Q

what is in the pericardial cavity?

A

Serous fluid
- low friction environment

46
Q

what are the features of the parietal serous pericardium?

A

Mesothelium (inner)
Areolar tissue (outer)
Continuous with visceral serous layer at the root of the great vessels

47
Q

what are the features of the parietal fibrous pericardium?

A

Dense fibrous connective tissue

Cone-shaped “bag”
Base -> diaphragm
Apex continuous with adventitia of great vessels (root)
Sternopericardial ligaments
Limits distention

48
Q

what is the blood supply to the heart and visceral pericardium?

A

coronary arteries and veins

49
Q

what is the blood supply to the parietal and fibrous pericardium?

A

internal thoracic arteries and veins

50
Q

what is the nerve supply to the heart and visceral pericardium?

A

cardiac plexus, vagus nerve, sympathetic trunk

51
Q

what is the nerve supply to the parietal and fibrous pericardium?

A

Phrenic nerve

ANAT241 module 4 (5 decks)

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