✅The Third Crusade - Leadership Flashcards
Who were the leaders of the Third Crusade? (3)
1: Frederick Barbarossa: the oldest and most experienced leader. He had taken part in the crusade and had any army of 15,000.
2: King Richard I of England: also know as ‘Richard the Lion Heart’, was extremely wealthy out of the other two leaders
3: King Philip II of France: Had an army of 2,000 men
How and when did Frederick Barbarossa die?
On 10 June 1190, Frederick either decided to go for a swim or cross the river on horseback. Either way the water was extremely cold and the shock killed him
As a result of Fredericks death, what happened to the German campaign?
His death fractured the army. Many went home, some carried on, but died during the journey from disease. The very little that did make it to Arce, were in a weakened condition and their help in the siege of Arce was minimal
What oath did Richard and Philip take in 1190?
To protect the crusaders and work together to achieve this
What was the first issue between Richard and Philip?
Richard wanted to marry Berengaria of Navarre in order to form an alliance against his old enemy. However he was engaged to Philip’s sister, Alice, which would be a matter of national embarrassment for Philip if he went back on his engagement. Richard kept his plan hidden from Philip until he had taken his vow. When the engagement had been made public Philip released Richard from his commitment for 10,000 marks
What did issue one create?
It created tension between the two, and caused delays. For example when Richard had to collect dowry for his sister, through a siege at Messina. Philip, who was present, did not help (it is actually claimed that his men help defend Messina)
What was issue two between Richard and Philip?
They each supported different people for the claim to the throne of Jerusalem. Philip supported his cousin Conrad and Richard supported Guy
What was the effect of issue two?
This caused strain on the crusade, when Richard arrived at Tyre in 1191, Conrad refused him entry, meaning Richard was forced to sail directly to Acre and begin siege without respite. The decision also caused delays
What was the last issue between Richard and Philip?
Philip returned to France despite the Crusade and began to openly conspire against Richard with his brother, John
What was the effect of the last issue?
It had an impact on Richard, he was deeply troubled by the threat to his kingdom that he couldn’t do anything about and it was one of the reasons why he chose to withdraw rather than siege Jerusalem in July 1192
How did the siege of Acre in 1191 raise the spirits of Crusaders?
Richard and Philip managed to put away their differences into order to combine forces and destroy the walls forcing the Muslims to surrender. The surrender gave the crusaders a morale boost
How did Richard show his leadership skills during the journey to Jaffa?
On 22 August 1191, Richard began a 70 mile march towards Jaffa. He carefully organised his knights into three divisions (similar to Louis VII in the Second Crusade) to fight off surprise attacks. He protected the baggage train (unlike the Second Crusade). An ensured that if the formation was broken, it was quickly formed. The result of this meant the crusaders safety arrived at Jaffa
Why did Richard decide not to attack Jerusalem?
The Templars and Hospitallers - who had local knowledge said that the army could not recapture Jerusalem against Saladin’s forces - he would take it back.
Explain the second march to Jerusalem and its issues
On the 31st June, the leading nobles decided to march to Jerusalem once again. Although Saladin’s commitment had deepened, his capacity to fight the Crusaders had weakened. He faced potential diversion in his army and financial issues. In 1192 his priority became to retreat from Jerusalem and survive, he ordered the wells around Jerusalem to be poisoned and prepared to leave. However he found out that the Crusaders were retreating from Jerusalem (Richard and a minority of the leaders felt they would not succeed) and decided to launch a lightning attack on Jaffa before they made it back
Explain the Battle of Jaffa
Saladin began the siege 27 July 1192 and the city surrendered on the 30 July. However, Richard arrived before Saladin could secure control and Jaffa was re-taken and secured by 5 August
