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The Terror Flashcards

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1
Q

Declaration of the French Republic

A

22nd September 1792

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2
Q

Jacobin and Girondin shared beleifs

A

Supported republican government
Supported the war
Believed in the need for further enlightened reform to improve government, society and the economy

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3
Q

Jacobin features

A

Strong support-base in Paris
Supported centralisation of power
Favoured by the sans-culottes, and were ready to act on their demands (eg. price controls on food and wages)
Adopted a radical, militant approach to bring about change
Wanted to see the King put on trial and executed

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4
Q

Girondin features

A

Wide support-base on the provinces
Supported decentralisation of power
Suspicious of sans-culottes activism, and believed that economic controls would curb liberty
Adopted a moderated approach to bring about change
Hesitant to support the death penalty for the King

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5
Q

Prominent Jacobins

A

Robespierre
Marat
Danton

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6
Q

Prominent Girondins

A

Brissot

Roland

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7
Q

Domestic effects of the war

A

Growing inflation

Outbreak of sporadic peasant rioting (Chouan rebellion)

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8
Q

Robespierre on the execution of the King

A

‘Louis must die because the country must live’

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9
Q

Votes taken on the fate of the King

A

15th-17th January 1793
King found guilty
Proposal for referendum on issue rejected
Death penalty wins majority of votes (361/721)

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10
Q

Execution of the King

A

21st January 1793

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11
Q

Opponents in the War of the First Coalition

A

Britain
Austria
Prussia

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12
Q

War of the First Coalition

A

1792-1797

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13
Q

Catalyst of the rising in the Vendée

A

Levy for 300,000 men which was being carried out in Angers

March 1793

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14
Q

Events of the rising in the Vendée

A

Vendee army formed (14th March)
City of Cholet seized
Local officials, priests and National Guards massacred
Guerilla warfare spread through the countryside

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15
Q

Response of the Convention to the rising in the Vendée

A

Sent 30,000 men from the frontline to the Vendée in May in an attempt to control the rebellion
With rebels continuing to march towards Paris, Convention decrees the destruction of the Vendee in August

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16
Q

Defeat of the rising in the Vendée timeline

A

1793
September - 100,000 troops arrived at Nantes
October - Troops gain the upper hand
December - Core of Vendéean army had been destroyed

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17
Q

Repression in the Vendee following the Rising

A 
January - May 1794
Marseille, Lyon and Toulon crushed
Peasants killed
Crops burned and animals killed
Women raped and mutilated
2000 killed in Angers
8700 executed by revolutionary tribunal, over half the total during the whole Terror
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18
Q

Reasons for implementation of measures which led to the Terror

A

Help win internal and external wars
Reassure the sans-culottes that the deputies were responding to their needs
Strengthened Jacobins and weakened Girondins, as it centralised power

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19
Q

Formation of CGS

A

October 1792

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20
Q

CGS features

A

Policing and administration of justice
Made up of 12 deputies
Reported to the National Convention

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21
Q

Appointment of représentants-en-mission date

A

March 1793

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22
Q

Représentants-en-mission function

A

82 in total, worked in pairs, travelling across France
Ensured the loyalty and effective functioning of the departments, and saw that public order was maintained
Reported to the CPS and National Convention

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23
Q

Establishment of Revolutionary Tribunal

A

March 1793

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24
Q

Revolutionary Tribunal function

A

Tried counter-revolutionaries

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25
Q

Comités de surveillance established

A

March 1793

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26
Q

Comités de surveillance function

A

Looked out for suspicious behaviour

Established in every commune or section

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27
Q

When was the CPS set up?

A

April 1793

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28
Q

CPS responsibilities

A

War
Diplomacy
Application of revolutionary laws
Had authority over the CGS, other ministers and government agencies

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29
Q

CPS features

A

Made up of nine men who were to be elected monthly by the National Convention.
Reported weekly to the National Convention

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30
Q

Jacobins siding with the sans-culottes

A

Criticised grain-hoarders and profiteers
Blamed the Girondins for France’s problems, portraying them as enemies of the Republic
Established price controls on wheat and flour following sans-culottes demonstration outside the Convention (May 1793)

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31
Q

Fall of the Girondins

A

26th May - 2nd June

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32
Q

What did Robespierre do on the 26th May 1793 to initiate the overthrow of the Girondins

A

Invited ‘the people to place themselves in insurrection agains the corrupt Girondin deputies’

33
Q

2nd June 1793

A

80,000 National Guardsmen aim cannon at the Convention, demanding the expulsion of the Girondins from the Assembly and a maximum price imposed on all essential goods
Prevent the deputies from leaving until concessions guaranteed
First time armed force was used against an elected assembly
Convention agreed to arrest 29 Girondin deputies and 2 Girondin ministers

34
Q

What was the Federalist Revolt?

A

Retaliation of Girondin suporters in the departments following the expulsion of Girondins deputies from the Convention

35
Q

Events of the Federalist Revolt

A

Jacobins forced out of office in cities (Lyon / Marseilles)
Protests in 60/83 departements
Toulon appealed for help from the Anglo-Spanish fleet and proclaimed Louis XVII as King, but were defeated by Napoleon

36
Q

When was the Federalist Revolt?

A

May - August 1793

37
Q

Constitution of 1793 (Year I) date

A

24th June

38
Q

Features of the Constitution of 1793

A

Endorsed by national plebiscite
Never put into practise because of the wartime situation
Aggressively egalitarian, stressing that society was more important than the individual
Concession to the sans-culottes

39
Q

Decrees of the Constitution of 1793

A

All adult males had the right to vote
Every man had the right to express himself through direct political action
Everyone was entitled to state welfare if needed

40
Q

When did the CPS decree for a levée en masse?

A

23rd August 1793

41
Q

What did the levée en masse do?

A

Called up all single men aged between 18 and 25
Married men had to hand in their weapons
Women were to serve in hospitals
Helped the French war effort sigmificantly

42
Q

Who was in charge of carrying out changes to the army?

A

Carnot

Saint-Just

43
Q

Old general of the Ancien Regime executed by Carnot and Saint-Just

A

Custine
Led the French forces to the Rhine
Accused of passing secrets to the enemy

44
Q

New general implemented by Carnot and Saint-Just

A

Pichegru

Appointed commander of the division of the Upper Rhine

45
Q

Military successes following changes to the army made by Carnot and Saint-Just

A

Siege of Dunkirk lifted (September)

Defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Wattignies (October)

46
Q

Key members of the CPS

A

Robespierre
Saint-Just - Laws of Ventose (property could be seized and re-distributed amongst the poor)
Carnot

47
Q

Period when the CPS governed France virtually unchallenged

A

September 1793 - July 1794

48
Q

What were the armées revolutionnaries, and why did the Convention establish them?

A

Sans-culottes paramilitary forces
To attack grain hoarders
To force farmers to surrender their grain

49
Q

When did the Convention establish armées revolutionnaries?

A

September 1793

50
Q

Jacobin concessions to the sans-culottes

A

Constitution of 1793
Levee en masse
Economic concessions - fixed prices and made grain hoarding a capital offence

51
Q

The Law of Suspects

A

September 1793
Created a new definition of a suspect, making it easier to arrest someone
500,000 arrested
Symbolised the Terror at the local level

52
Q

The Law of the General Maximum

A

September 1793
Laid down a maximum price for certain goods
Imposed wage regulations

53
Q

How many victims of the Terror were there between 1792 and 1794?

A

40,000

Roughly 17,000 guillotined

54
Q

When was the popular Terror?

A

September - December 1793

55
Q

Evidence of escalation of the Terror in 1793

A

Revolutionary Tribunal heard 260 cases between March and September
Revolutionary Tribunal heard 500,000 cases between September and December

56
Q

Famous show trials

A

Marie-Antoinette

21 Girondin leaders

57
Q

Saint-Just on the CPS

A

‘The provisional government of France in revolutionary until there is peace’

58
Q

Features of CPS campaign across the départements

A

comités de surveillance
Armées révolutionnaires
Représentants-en-mission

59
Q

Evidence of Dechristianisation campaign waged by Hébert on behalf of the CPS

A

Religious statues removed
Church property stolen
Notre Dame Cathedral converted into the ‘Temple of Reason’

60
Q

Law of 14 Frimaire II

A

December 1793
Gave the CPS more power
Limited sans-culottes influence by closing down societies

61
Q

Hérbertists

A

Followers of the popular radical leader Jacques Hérbert
Complained that Robespierre was setting up a dictatorship
Called on the sans-culottes to rise against the CPS

62
Q

Indulgents

A

Danton / Desmoulins
Popular in Paris
Beleived that the Terror should be scaled back

63
Q

Enemies of the CPS

A

Hébertists

Indulgents

64
Q

Execution of Hébertists

A

March 1794

65
Q

Execution of Indulgents

A

April 1794

66
Q

The Festival of the Supreme Being

A

8th June 1794
High point of patriotic fervour and Robespierre’s ascendancy
Pleased no-one - Weak Catholicism and first steps towards reintroduction of Roman Catholicism

67
Q

Law of 22 Prairial

A

10th June 1794
All those accused on political crimes were to be taken before the Parisian Revolutionary Tribunals (provincial revolutionary tribunals had been closed down in May)
No witnesses or defence allowed
Acquittal or death only possible verdicts
Deputies could now be prosecuted
Initiated the Great Terror

68
Q

The Great Terror victim composition

A

35% nobles
25% clergy
40% bourgeoise
Most class-bound phase of the Terror

69
Q

Reasons for tension between CPS and CGS in the Summer of 1794

A

Promotion of the Cult of the Supreme Being angered atheists
CGS not consulted over the Law of 22 Prairial
Robespierre and Saint-Just set up a separate surveillance and police network to hunt for counter-revolutionaries, infringing upon CGS powers

70
Q

Dissension within the CPS

A

Saint-Just v Carnot over military tactics

71
Q

Factors contributing towards the weakening of Robespierre’s position

A

CPS v CGS
Dissension within the CPS
‘The Plain’ fearing that Robespierre was becoming a dictator
Breakdown of local government because of overload of work and atmosphere of fear

72
Q

Robespierre last speech to the National Convention

A

8 Thermidor (26th July)
Accused different committees and groups of conspiring against ‘public liberty’
Suggested the more purges were needed

73
Q

Events of 9 Thermidor (27th July)

A

Decree to arrest Robespierre and other members of the CPS passed unanimously
Commune managed to free them, but prisoners were retaken

74
Q

Execution of Robespierre

A

10 Thermidor (28th July)

75
Q

March 1793

A

Representants-en-mission
Revolutionary Tribunal
Comites de surveillance

76
Q

September 1793

A

Armees revolutionnaires
The Law of Suspects
The Law of the General Maximum

77
Q

The Great Terror

A

Centred on Paris
10th June - 27th July 1794
1594 executed

78
Q

Barere in September 1793

A

‘Let us make Terror the order of the day!’

79
Q

Factors behind Robespierre’s decreasing popularity amongst the sans-culottes

A

Execution of the Herbertistes
Raising of the Maximum on prices in March 1794 - caused inflation and the fall in the assignat to 36% of its original value

French Revolution (7 decks)

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