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French Revolution > Origins of French Revolution > Flashcards

Origins of French Revolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Who did the King meet with to discuss policy formation?

A

Conseil des Depeche ( Church)

Conseil d’Etat (State + Foreign Affairs)

Conseil Royal des Finances (Finances).

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2
Q

What could the King do to overrule the Paris Parlement?

A

lit de justice

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3
Q

What happened to resolve the political deadlock following Calonne’s reform package?

A

It was decided to put the measures to an “Assembly of Notables”.

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4
Q

When / What was the Revolt of the Nobles?

A

May - August 1788

Political breakdown and collapse of royal authority.

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5
Q

Why was Brienne appointed as finance minister?

A

Had led the opposition to Calonne’s proposals at the Assembly on Notables

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6
Q

Royal debt growth between 1715 and 1764?

A

300 million livres

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7
Q

Events in the Revolt of the Nobles?

A

Provincial parlements flooded the royal court with remonstrances

Radical pamphlets attacked Brienne

Day of Tiles in Grenoble - 7th June

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8
Q

Who was there tension between with the intendants?

A

Provincial Governors

Pays d’états

Seigneurs

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9
Q

Turgot’s accomplishments

A

Wanted a freer economic system

Cut royal expenses

Reformed tax-farming system

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10
Q

Abandoned proposals of Turgot

A

Replacing indirect taxes with a land tax

Ending price controls

Six Edicts - suppressing guilds / abolishing corvee

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11
Q

What were the May (1788) Edicts?

A

Plans drawn up by the King to remove the parlements’ powers

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12
Q

What limited the King’s power?

A

Laws and customs

Conseil du Roi

Paris parlement

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13
Q

Where were the ideas of the Enlightenment implemented?

A

USA following Revolution and War of Independence.

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14
Q

Necker’s accomplishments

A

Cut royal expenses

Replaced venal offices with salaried officials

Removed “vingtieme” on industry

Restructured financial administration (tax farmers reduced from 60 to 40)

Published France’s first ever “budget statement” - compte rendu au roi

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15
Q

Name an indirect tax

A

Gabelle (salt)

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16
Q

When did the Paris Parlement refuse to register Brienne’s proposals?

A

July 1787, saying that only the Estates-General could consent to any new taxes

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17
Q

Where did “philosophes” meet to discuss the ideas of the Enlightenment?

A

Salons

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18
Q

What did “philosophes” do?

A

Questioned traditional assumptions, ideas and institutions (Absolute monarchy, Church, Social structure)

Stressed the importance of reason and logic over faith and superstition.

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19
Q

What was included in Calonne’s reform package?

A

Replacing corvee with a land tax

Removing controls on grain trade

Removing internal customs barriers to boost commerce

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20
Q

Brienne’s accomplishments

A

Reformed the education system

Abolished tax-farming

Established a central treasury

21
Q

What exacerbated French debt?

A

Wars

Economic depression

22
Q

Factors behind growing politicisation of the third estate

A

Publication of “What is the Third Estate?” - Sieyes’ response to Necker’s invitation for writers to state how they thought the Estates-General should be organised

Poor economic situation

Drawing up of the cahiers de doleances

23
Q

Name two direct taxes

A

Vingtieme (5% levy)

Taille (land tax)

24
Q

Name three “philosophes”

A

Voltaire

Rousseau

Diderot

25
Q

What did the Paris Parlement do?

A

Controlled guilds

Ensured the King’s edicts conformed with previous legislation

Placed scrutiny on decrees.

26
Q

Who composed the Assembly of Notables?

A

Princes

Judges of the parlements

Notables representing provincial estates

Representatives of the Church

27
Q

Name four economic problems developing from 1770

A

Over-reliance on agriculture

Lack of river/canal network required to carry goods

Decline in textile industry

Antiquated banking system

28
Q

What did the Church offer the Crown instead of paying taxes?

A

“don gratuit”

29
Q

What were parlements and how many were there?

A

Sovereign courts

13

30
Q

Issues provoking debate around the Estates-General

What was eventually decided and why?

A

Number of deputies elected by each estate (Equal representation or proportional to population)

Method of debate (one single body or each estate meets separately before convening?)

Voting procedure (single vote per estate or voting by head?)

Decided to follow procedures laid down at last meeting of the Estates-General. - Equal representation / separate estate meetings / one vote per estate.

31
Q

When was the previous meeting of the Estates-General?

A

1614

32
Q

1715 - 1771

How much did French commerce increase?

How much did industrial production increase?

A

Eight-fold

Double

33
Q

What proportion of France was the Paris Parlement responsible for?

A

2/5

34
Q

When did the Assembly of Notables meet?

A

February 1787

35
Q

When was the Assembly of Notables dismissed?

A

May 1787

36
Q

What was the royal debt in 1783?

A

3.3 billion livres

37
Q

What were intendants and what did they do?

A

Representatives of the crown in the provinces

Maintained control and fed back information to Paris.

38
Q

Order of finance ministers

A

Turgot (74-76)

Necker (77-81)

Calonne (83-87)

39
Q

Assembly of Notables

A

February - May 1787

40
Q

Between which years did royal debt grow by 300 million livres?

A

1715-1764

41
Q

When and where was the Day of Tiles

A

7th June 1788

Grenobles

42
Q

Factors behing growing unpopularity of the Church

A

Absenteeism

Tithes

Its exemption from taxes

Its power over the people

43
Q

Noble privileges

A

Tried in special courts

Exempt from military service, paying the gabelle, and the corvee

Received feudal dues

44
Q

Short-term causes of the Revolution

A

Foreign policy

The financial crisis

The economic crisis

45
Q

How did foreign policy cause the Revolution?

A

The Seven Years War (1756-63)

Defeated in India and North America by the British

Lost much of France’s overseas territories (Canada / Louisiana)

The American War of Independence (1776-83)

Cost a great deal of money - 1066 million livres

Exposed French soldiers to the ideas of liberty and democracy

46
Q

How did the financial crisis cause the Revolution?

A

The French government was building up a huge deficit

1786 - Revenue = 475 million livres, Expenditure = 587 million livres

Deficit of 112 million livres was almost a quarter of the total income

16th August 1788 - Brienne suspends all payments from the royal treasury, an acknowledgement of bankruptcy

47
Q

Factors behind financial crisis

A

War

Tax

48
Q

When and why did the King exile the Paris Parlement to Troyes?

A

15th August 1788

They refused to reigister Brienne’s tax reforms, saying that only the Estates-General could consent to any new taxes

49
Q

How did the economic crisis cause the Revolution?

A

Bad harvest of 1788 - Wet Spring and freak hailstorms in July

Food shortages - 88% of a labourer’s daily wage spent on bread during the winter of 1788-89, up from half normally

Decline in textile industry / over-reliance on agriculture / lack of river and canal network / antiquated banking system

Led to the politicisation of the 3rd Estate

French Revolution (7 decks)

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